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*.orig *.orig
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Copyright (c) 2024, Google Inc. Copyright © 2024, Google Inc.
All rights reserved. All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
met: met:
* Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this
notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
* Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this
copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or
in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the other materials provided with the distribution.
distribution. * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its contributors may be used
* Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific
contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from prior written permission.
this software without specific prior written permission.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
"AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT

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README.rst
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@ -7,998 +7,10 @@ Google Logging (glog) is a C++14 library that implements application-level
logging. The library provides logging APIs based on C++-style streams and logging. The library provides logging APIs based on C++-style streams and
various helper macros. various helper macros.
.. role:: cmake(code)
:language: cmake
.. role:: cmd(code)
:language: bash
.. role:: cpp(code)
:language: cpp
.. role:: bazel(code)
:language: starlark
Getting Started Getting Started
--------------- ---------------
You can log a message by simply streaming things to ``LOG``\ (<a Please refer to project's `documentation <https://google.github.io/glog/>`_.
particular `severity level <#severity-levels>`__>), e.g.,
.. code:: cpp
#include <glog/logging.h>
int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
// Initialize Google’s logging library.
google::InitGoogleLogging(argv[0]);
// ...
LOG(INFO) << "Found " << num_cookies << " cookies";
}
The library can be installed using various package managers or compiled from
`source <#building-from-source>`__. For a detailed overview of glog features and
their usage, please refer to the `user guide <#user-guide>`__.
.. pull-quote::
[!IMPORTANT]
The above example requires further `Bazel <#bazel>`__ or
`CMake <#usage-in-projects>`__ setup for use in own projects.
.. contents:: Table of Contents
Usage in Projects
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Assuming that glog was previously `built using CMake <#cmake>`__ or installed
using a package manager, you can use the CMake command :cmake:`find_package` to
build against glog in your CMake project as follows:
.. code:: cmake
cmake_minimum_required (VERSION 3.16)
project (myproj VERSION 1.0)
find_package (glog 0.7.0 REQUIRED)
add_executable (myapp main.cpp)
target_link_libraries (myapp glog::glog)
Compile definitions and options will be added automatically to your
target as needed.
Alternatively, glog can be incorporated into using the CMake command
:cmake:`add_subdirectory` to include glog directly from a subdirectory of your
project by replacing the :cmake:`find_package` call from the previous snippet by
:cmake:`add_subdirectory`. The :cmake:`glog::glog` target is in this case an
:cmake:`ALIAS` library target for the ``glog`` library target.
Building from Source
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Bazel
^^^^^
To use glog within a project which uses the
`Bazel <https://bazel.build/>`__ build tool, add the following lines to
your ``WORKSPACE`` file:
.. code:: bazel
load("@bazel_tools//tools/build_defs/repo:http.bzl", "http_archive")
http_archive(
name = "com_github_gflags_gflags",
sha256 = "34af2f15cf7367513b352bdcd2493ab14ce43692d2dcd9dfc499492966c64dcf",
strip_prefix = "gflags-2.2.2",
urls = ["https://github.com/gflags/gflags/archive/v2.2.2.tar.gz"],
)
http_archive(
name = "com_github_google_glog",
sha256 = "122fb6b712808ef43fbf80f75c52a21c9760683dae470154f02bddfc61135022",
strip_prefix = "glog-0.6.0",
urls = ["https://github.com/google/glog/archive/v0.6.0.zip"],
)
You can then add :bazel:`@com_github_google_glog//:glog` to the deps section
of a :bazel:`cc_binary` or :bazel:`cc_library` rule, and :code:`#include <glog/logging.h>`
to include it in your source code. Here’s a simple example:
.. code:: bazel
cc_binary(
name = "main",
srcs = ["main.cc"],
deps = ["@com_github_google_glog//:glog"],
)
CMake
^^^^^
glog can be compiled using `CMake <http://www.cmake.org>`__ on a wide range of
platforms. The typical workflow for building glog on a Unix-like system with
GNU Make as build tool is as follows:
1. Clone the repository and change into source directory.
.. code:: bash
git clone https://github.com/google/glog.git
cd glog
2. Run CMake to configure the build tree.
.. code:: bash
cmake -S . -B build -G "Unix Makefiles"
CMake provides different generators, and by default will pick the most
relevant one to your environment. If you need a specific version of Visual
Studio, use :cmd:`cmake . -G <generator-name>`, and see :cmd:`cmake --help`
for the available generators. Also see :cmd:`-T <toolset-name>`, which can
be used to request the native x64 toolchain with :cmd:`-T host=x64`.
3. Afterwards, generated files can be used to compile the project.
.. code:: bash
cmake --build build
4. Test the build software (optional).
.. code:: bash
cmake --build build --target test
5. Install the built files (optional).
.. code:: bash
cmake --build build --target install
Once successfully built, glog can be
`integrated into own projects <#usage-in-projects>`__.
conan
~~~~~
You can download and install glog using the `conan
<https://conan.io>`__ package manager:
.. code:: bash
pip install conan
conan install -r conancenter glog/<glog-version>@
The glog recipe in conan center is kept up to date by conan center index community
contributors. If the version is out of date, please create an
issue or pull request on the `conan-center-index
<https://github.com/conan-io/conan-center-index>`__ repository.
vcpkg
~~~~~
You can download and install glog using the `vcpkg
<https://github.com/Microsoft/vcpkg>`__ dependency manager:
.. code:: bash
git clone https://github.com/Microsoft/vcpkg.git
cd vcpkg
./bootstrap-vcpkg.sh
./vcpkg integrate install
./vcpkg install glog
The glog port in vcpkg is kept up to date by Microsoft team members and
community contributors. If the version is out of date, please create an
issue or pull request on the vcpkg repository.
User Guide
----------
glog defines a series of macros that simplify many common logging tasks.
You can log messages by severity level, control logging behavior from
the command line, log based on conditionals, abort the program when
expected conditions are not met, introduce your own verbose logging
levels, customize the prefix attached to log messages, and more.
Following sections describe the functionality supported by glog. Please note
this description may not be complete but limited to the most useful ones. If you
want to find less common features, please check header files under `src/glog
<src/glog>`__ directory.
Severity Levels
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
You can specify one of the following severity levels (in increasing
order of severity):
1. ``INFO``,
2. ``WARNING``,
3. ``ERROR``, and
4. ``FATAL``.
Logging a ``FATAL`` message terminates the program (after the message is
logged).
.. pull-quote::
[!NOTE]
Messages of a given severity are logged not only to corresponding severity
logfile but also to other logfiles of lower severity. For instance, a message
of severity ``FATAL`` will be logged to logfiles of severity ``FATAL``,
``ERROR``, ``WARNING``, and ``INFO``.
The ``DFATAL`` severity logs a ``FATAL`` error in debug mode (i.e.,
there is no ``NDEBUG`` macro defined), but avoids halting the program in
production by automatically reducing the severity to ``ERROR``.
Unless otherwise specified, glog uses the format
::
<tmp>/<program name>.<hostname>.<user name>.log.<severity level>.<date>-<time>.<pid>
for log filenames written to a directory designated as ``<tmp>`` and determined
according to the following rules.
**Windows**
glog uses the
`GetTempPathA <https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/fileapi/nf-fileapi-gettemppatha>`__
API function to retrieve the directory for temporary files with a fallback to
1. ``C:\TMP\``
2. ``C:\TEMP\``
(in the order given.)
**non-Windows**
The directory is determined by referencing the environment variables
1. ``TMPDIR``
2. ``TMP``
if set with a fallback to ``/tmp/``.
The default path to a log file on Linux, for instance, could be
::
/tmp/hello_world.example.com.hamaji.log.INFO.20080709-222411.10474
By default, glog echos ``ERROR`` and ``FATAL`` messages to standard error in
addition to log files.
Log Line Prefix Format
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Log lines have this form:
::
Lyyyymmdd hh:mm:ss.uuuuuu threadid file:line] msg...
where the fields are defined as follows:
==================== =========================================================================
Placeholder Meaning
==================== =========================================================================
``L`` A single character, representing the log level (e.g., ``I`` for ``INFO``)
``yyyy`` The year
``mm`` The month (zero padded; i.e., May is ``05``)
``dd`` The day (zero padded)
``hh:mm:ss.uuuuuu`` Time in hours, minutes and fractional seconds
``threadid`` The space-padded thread ID
``file`` The file name
``line`` The line number
``msg`` The user-supplied message
==================== =========================================================================
Example:
::
I1103 11:57:31.739339 24395 google.cc:2341] Command line: ./some_prog
I1103 11:57:31.739403 24395 google.cc:2342] Process id 24395
.. pull-quote::
[!NOTE]
Although microseconds are useful for comparing events on a single machine,
clocks on different machines may not be well synchronized. Hence, use with
caution when comparing the low bits of timestamps from different machines.
Customizing the Log Line Prefix
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The predefined log line prefix can be replaced using a user-provided callback
that formats the corresponding output.
For each log entry, the callback will be invoked with a reference to a
``google::LogMessage`` instance containing the severity, filename, line number,
thread ID, and time of the event. It will also be given a reference to the
output stream, whose contents will be prepended to the actual message in the
final log line.
For example, the following function outputs a prefix that matches glog's default
format. The third parameter ``data`` can be used to access user-supplied data
which unless specified defaults to :cpp:`nullptr`.
.. code:: cpp
void MyPrefixFormatter(std::ostream& s, const google::LogMessage& m, void* /*data*/) {
s << google::GetLogSeverityName(m.severity())[0]
<< setw(4) << 1900 + m.time().year()
<< setw(2) << 1 + m.time().month()
<< setw(2) << m.time().day()
<< ' '
<< setw(2) << m.time().hour() << ':'
<< setw(2) << m.time().min() << ':'
<< setw(2) << m.time().sec() << "."
<< setw(6) << m.time().usec()
<< ' '
<< setfill(' ') << setw(5)
<< m.thread_id() << setfill('0')
<< ' '
<< m.basename() << ':' << m.line() << "]";
}
To enable the use of a prefix formatter, use the
.. code:: cpp
google::InstallPrefixFormatter(&MyPrefixFormatter);
function to pass a pointer to the corresponding :cpp:`MyPrefixFormatter`
callback during initialization. :cpp:`InstallPrefixFormatter` takes a second
optional argument of type :cpp:`void*` that allows supplying user data to the
callback.
Setting Flags
~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Several flags influence glog’s output behavior. If the `Google gflags library
<https://github.com/gflags/gflags>`__ is installed on your machine, the build
system will automatically detect and use it, allowing you to pass flags on the
command line. For example, if you want to activate :cmd:`--logtostderr`, you can
start your application with the following command line:
.. code:: bash
./your_application --logtostderr=1
If the Google gflags library isn’t installed, you set flags via
environment variables, prefixing the flag name with ``GLOG_``, e.g.,
.. code:: bash
GLOG_logtostderr=1 ./your_application
The following flags are most commonly used:
``logtostderr`` (``bool``, default=\ ``false``)
Log messages to ``stderr`` instead of logfiles.
.. pull-quote::
[!TIP]
You can set boolean flags to :cpp:`true` by specifying ``1``, :cpp:`true`,
or ``yes``. To set boolean flags to :cpp:`false`, specify ``0``,
``false``, or ``no``. In either case the spelling is case-insensitive.
``stderrthreshold`` (``int``, default=2, which is ``ERROR``)
Copy log messages at or above this level to stderr in addition to
logfiles. The numbers of severity levels ``INFO``, ``WARNING``,
``ERROR``, and ``FATAL`` are 0, 1, 2, and 3, respectively.
``minloglevel`` (``int``, default=0, which is ``INFO``)
Log messages at or above this level. Again, the numbers of severity
levels ``INFO``, ``WARNING``, ``ERROR``, and ``FATAL`` are 0, 1, 2,
and 3, respectively.
``log_dir`` (``string``, default="")
If specified, logfiles are written into this directory instead of the
default logging directory.
``v`` (``int``, default=0)
Show all ``VLOG(m)`` messages for ``m`` less or equal the value of this flag.
Overridable by :cmd:`--vmodule`. Refer to `verbose logging <#verbose-logging>`__
for more detail.
``vmodule`` (``string``, default="")
Per-module verbose level. The argument has to contain a
comma-separated list of ``<module name>=<log level>``. ``<module name>`` is a
glob pattern (e.g., ``gfs*`` for all modules whose name starts with
"gfs"), matched against the filename base (that is, name ignoring
.cc/.h./-inl.h). ``<log level>`` overrides any value given by :cmd:`--v`.
See also `verbose logging <#verbose-logging>`__ for more details.
Additional flags are defined in `flags.cc <src/flags.cc>`__. Please see the
source for their complete list.
You can also modify flag values in your program by modifying global
variables ``FLAGS_*`` . Most settings start working immediately after
you update ``FLAGS_*`` . The exceptions are the flags related to
destination files. For example, you might want to set ``FLAGS_log_dir``
before calling :cpp:`google::InitGoogleLogging` . Here is an example:
.. code:: cpp
LOG(INFO) << "file";
// Most flags work immediately after updating values.
FLAGS_logtostderr = 1;
LOG(INFO) << "stderr";
FLAGS_logtostderr = 0;
// This won’t change the log destination. If you want to set this
// value, you should do this before google::InitGoogleLogging .
FLAGS_log_dir = "/some/log/directory";
LOG(INFO) << "the same file";
Conditional / Occasional Logging
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Sometimes, you may only want to log a message under certain conditions.
You can use the following macros to perform conditional logging:
.. code:: cpp
LOG_IF(INFO, num_cookies > 10) << "Got lots of cookies";
The "Got lots of cookies" message is logged only when the variable
``num_cookies`` exceeds 10. If a line of code is executed many times, it
may be useful to only log a message at certain intervals. This kind of
logging is most useful for informational messages.
.. code:: cpp
LOG_EVERY_N(INFO, 10) << "Got the " << google::COUNTER << "th cookie";
The above line outputs a log messages on the 1st, 11th, 21st, ... times
it is executed.
.. pull-quote::
[!NOTE]
The placeholder ``google::COUNTER`` identifies the recurring repetition.
You can combine conditional and occasional logging with the following
macro.
.. code:: cpp
LOG_IF_EVERY_N(INFO, (size > 1024), 10) << "Got the " << google::COUNTER
<< "th big cookie";
Instead of outputting a message every nth time, you can also limit the
output to the first n occurrences:
.. code:: cpp
LOG_FIRST_N(INFO, 20) << "Got the " << google::COUNTER << "th cookie";
Outputs log messages for the first 20 times it is executed. The
``google::COUNTER`` identifier indicates which repetition is happening.
Other times, it is desired to only log a message periodically based on a time.
For instance, to log a message every 10ms:
.. code:: cpp
LOG_EVERY_T(INFO, 0.01) << "Got a cookie";
Or every 2.35s:
.. code:: cpp
LOG_EVERY_T(INFO, 2.35) << "Got a cookie";
Debug Mode Support
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Special "debug mode" logging macros only have an effect in debug mode
and are compiled away to nothing for non-debug mode compiles. Use these
macros to avoid slowing down your production application due to
excessive logging.
.. code:: cpp
DLOG(INFO) << "Found cookies";
DLOG_IF(INFO, num_cookies > 10) << "Got lots of cookies";
DLOG_EVERY_N(INFO, 10) << "Got the " << google::COUNTER << "th cookie";
DLOG_FIRST_N(INFO, 10) << "Got the " << google::COUNTER << "th cookie";
DLOG_EVERY_T(INFO, 0.01) << "Got a cookie";
``CHECK`` Macros
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
It is a good practice to check expected conditions in your program
frequently to detect errors as early as possible. The ``CHECK`` macro
provides the ability to abort the application when a condition is not
met, similar to the ``assert`` macro defined in the standard C library.
``CHECK`` aborts the application if a condition is not true. Unlike
``assert``, it is \*not\* controlled by ``NDEBUG``, so the check will be
executed regardless of compilation mode. Therefore, ``fp->Write(x)`` in
the following example is always executed:
.. code:: cpp
CHECK(fp->Write(x) == 4) << "Write failed!";
There are various helper macros for equality/inequality checks -
``CHECK_EQ``, ``CHECK_NE``, ``CHECK_LE``, ``CHECK_LT``, ``CHECK_GE``,
and ``CHECK_GT``. They compare two values, and log a ``FATAL`` message
including the two values when the result is not as expected. The values
must have :cpp:`operator<<(ostream, ...)` defined.
You may append to the error message like so:
.. code:: cpp
CHECK_NE(1, 2) << ": The world must be ending!";
We are very careful to ensure that each argument is evaluated exactly
once, and that anything which is legal to pass as a function argument is
legal here. In particular, the arguments may be temporary expressions
which will end up being destroyed at the end of the apparent statement,
for example:
.. code:: cpp
CHECK_EQ(string("abc")[1], ’b’);
The compiler reports an error if one of the arguments is a pointer and the other
is :cpp:`nullptr`. To work around this, simply :cpp:`static_cast` :cpp:`nullptr` to
the type of the desired pointer.
.. code:: cpp
CHECK_EQ(some_ptr, static_cast<SomeType*>(nullptr));
Better yet, use the ``CHECK_NOTNULL`` macro:
.. code:: cpp
CHECK_NOTNULL(some_ptr);
some_ptr->DoSomething();
Since this macro returns the given pointer, this is very useful in
constructor initializer lists.
.. code:: cpp
struct S {
S(Something* ptr) : ptr_(CHECK_NOTNULL(ptr)) {}
Something* ptr_;
};
.. pull-quote::
[!WARNING]
Due to the argument forwarding, ``CHECK_NOTNULL`` cannot be used to
simultaneously stream an additional custom message. To provide a custom
message, one can use the macro ``CHECK_EQ`` prior to the failing check.
If you are comparing C strings (:cpp:`char *`), a handy set of macros performs
both case sensitive and insensitive comparisons - ``CHECK_STREQ``,
``CHECK_STRNE``, ``CHECK_STRCASEEQ``, and ``CHECK_STRCASENE``. The
``CHECK_*CASE*`` macro variants are case-insensitive. You can safely pass
:cpp:`nullptr` pointers to this macro. They treat :cpp:`nullptr` and any
non-:cpp:`nullptr` string as not equal. Two :cpp:`nullptr`\ s are equal.
.. pull-quote::
[!NOTE]
Both arguments may be temporary objects which are destructed at the end of
the current "full expression", such as
.. code:: cpp
CHECK_STREQ(Foo().c_str(), Bar().c_str());
where ``Foo`` and ``Bar`` return :cpp:`std::string`.
The ``CHECK_DOUBLE_EQ`` macro checks the equality of two floating point
values, accepting a small error margin. ``CHECK_NEAR`` accepts a third
floating point argument, which specifies the acceptable error margin.
Verbose Logging
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
When you are chasing difficult bugs, thorough log messages are very useful.
However, you may want to ignore too verbose messages in usual development. For
such verbose logging, glog provides the ``VLOG`` macro, which allows you to
define your own numeric logging levels. The :cmd:`--v` command line option
controls which verbose messages are logged:
.. code:: cpp
VLOG(1) << "I’m printed when you run the program with --v=1 or higher";
VLOG(2) << "I’m printed when you run the program with --v=2 or higher";
With ``VLOG``, the lower the verbose level, the more likely messages are to be
logged. For example, if :cmd:`--v==1`, ``VLOG(1)`` will log, but ``VLOG(2)``
will not log.
.. pull-quote::
[!CAUTION]
The ``VLOG`` behavior is opposite of the severity level logging, where
``INFO``, ``ERROR``, etc. are defined in increasing order and thus
:cmd:`--minloglevel` of 1 will only log ``WARNING`` and above.
Though you can specify any integers for both ``VLOG`` macro and :cmd:`--v` flag,
the common values for them are small positive integers. For example, if you
write ``VLOG(0)``, you should specify :cmd:`--v=-1` or lower to silence it. This
is less useful since we may not want verbose logs by default in most cases. The
``VLOG`` macros always log at the ``INFO`` log level (when they log at all).
Verbose logging can be controlled from the command line on a per-module
basis:
.. code:: bash
--vmodule=mapreduce=2,file=1,gfs*=3 --v=0
Specifying these options will specficially:
1. Print ``VLOG(2)`` and lower messages from mapreduce.{h,cc}
2. Print ``VLOG(1)`` and lower messages from file.{h,cc}
3. Print ``VLOG(3)`` and lower messages from files prefixed with "gfs"
4. Print ``VLOG(0)`` and lower messages from elsewhere
The wildcarding functionality 3. supports both ``*`` (matches 0
or more characters) and ``?`` (matches any single character) wildcards.
Please also refer to `command line flags <#setting-flags>`__ for more
information.
There’s also ``VLOG_IS_ON(n)`` "verbose level" condition macro. This macro
returns ``true`` when the :cmd:`--v` is equal to or greater than ``n``. The
macro can be used as follows:
.. code:: cpp
if (VLOG_IS_ON(2)) {
// do some logging preparation and logging
// that can’t be accomplished with just VLOG(2) << ...;
}
Verbose level condition macros ``VLOG_IF``, ``VLOG_EVERY_N`` and
``VLOG_IF_EVERY_N`` behave analogous to ``LOG_IF``, ``LOG_EVERY_N``,
``LOG_IF_EVERY_N``, but accept a numeric verbosity level as opposed to a
severity level.
.. code:: cpp
VLOG_IF(1, (size > 1024))
<< "I’m printed when size is more than 1024 and when you run the "
"program with --v=1 or more";
VLOG_EVERY_N(1, 10)
<< "I’m printed every 10th occurrence, and when you run the program "
"with --v=1 or more. Present occurrence is " << google::COUNTER;
VLOG_IF_EVERY_N(1, (size > 1024), 10)
<< "I’m printed on every 10th occurrence of case when size is more "
" than 1024, when you run the program with --v=1 or more. ";
"Present occurrence is " << google::COUNTER;
Failure Signal Handler
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The library provides a convenient signal handler that will dump useful
information when the program crashes on certain signals such as ``SIGSEGV``. The
signal handler can be installed by :cpp:`google::InstallFailureSignalHandler()`.
The following is an example of output from the signal handler.
::
*** Aborted at 1225095260 (unix time) try "date -d @1225095260" if you are using GNU date ***
*** SIGSEGV (@0x0) received by PID 17711 (TID 0x7f893090a6f0) from PID 0; stack trace: ***
PC: @ 0x412eb1 TestWaitingLogSink::send()
@ 0x7f892fb417d0 (unknown)
@ 0x412eb1 TestWaitingLogSink::send()
@ 0x7f89304f7f06 google::LogMessage::SendToLog()
@ 0x7f89304f35af google::LogMessage::Flush()
@ 0x7f89304f3739 google::LogMessage::~LogMessage()
@ 0x408cf4 TestLogSinkWaitTillSent()
@ 0x4115de main
@ 0x7f892f7ef1c4 (unknown)
@ 0x4046f9 (unknown)
By default, the signal handler writes the failure dump to the standard
error. You can customize the destination by :cpp:`InstallFailureWriter()`.
Performance of Messages
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The conditional logging macros provided by glog (e.g., ``CHECK``,
``LOG_IF``, ``VLOG``, etc.) are carefully implemented and don’t execute
the right hand side expressions when the conditions are false. So, the
following check may not sacrifice the performance of your application.
.. code:: cpp
CHECK(obj.ok) << obj.CreatePrettyFormattedStringButVerySlow();
User-defined Failure Function
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
``FATAL`` severity level messages or unsatisfied ``CHECK`` condition
terminate your program. You can change the behavior of the termination
by :cpp:`InstallFailureFunction`.
.. code:: cpp
void YourFailureFunction() {
// Reports something...
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
google::InstallFailureFunction(&YourFailureFunction);
}
By default, glog tries to dump the stacktrace and calls :cpp:`std::abort`. The
stacktrace is generated only when running the application on a system supported
by glog. Currently, glog supports x86, x86_64, PowerPC architectures,
``libunwind``, and the Debug Help Library (``dbghelp``) on Windows for
extracting the stack trace.
Raw Logging
~~~~~~~~~~~
The header file ``<glog/raw_logging.h>`` can be used for thread-safe logging,
which does not allocate any memory or acquire any locks. Therefore, the macros
defined in this header file can be used by low-level memory allocation and
synchronization code. Please check
`src/glog/raw_logging.h <src/glog/raw_logging.h>`__ for detail.
Google Style ``perror()``
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
``PLOG()`` and ``PLOG_IF()`` and ``PCHECK()`` behave exactly like their
``LOG*`` and ``CHECK`` equivalents with the addition that they append a
description of the current state of errno to their output lines. E.g.
.. code:: cpp
PCHECK(write(1, nullptr, 2) >= 0) << "Write nullptr failed";
This check fails with the following error message.
::
F0825 185142 test.cc:22] Check failed: write(1, nullptr, 2) >= 0 Write nullptr failed: Bad address [14]
Syslog
~~~~~~
``SYSLOG``, ``SYSLOG_IF``, and ``SYSLOG_EVERY_N`` macros are available.
These log to syslog in addition to the normal logs. Be aware that
logging to syslog can drastically impact performance, especially if
syslog is configured for remote logging! Make sure you understand the
implications of outputting to syslog before you use these macros. In
general, it’s wise to use these macros sparingly.
Strip Logging Messages
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Strings used in log messages can increase the size of your binary and
present a privacy concern. You can therefore instruct glog to remove all
strings which fall below a certain severity level by using the
``GOOGLE_STRIP_LOG`` macro:
If your application has code like this:
.. code:: cpp
#define GOOGLE_STRIP_LOG 1 // this must go before the #include!
#include <glog/logging.h>
The compiler will remove the log messages whose severities are less than
the specified integer value. Since ``VLOG`` logs at the severity level
``INFO`` (numeric value ``0``), setting ``GOOGLE_STRIP_LOG`` to 1 or
greater removes all log messages associated with ``VLOG``\ s as well as
``INFO`` log statements.
Automatically Remove Old Logs
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
To enable the log cleaner:
.. code:: cpp
using namespace std::chrono_literals;
google::EnableLogCleaner(24h * 3); // keep your logs for 3 days
In C++20 (and later) this can be shortened to:
.. code:: cpp
using namespace std::chrono_literals;
google::EnableLogCleaner(3d); // keep your logs for 3 days
And then glog will check if there are overdue logs whenever a flush is
performed. In this example, any log file from your project whose last
modified time is greater than 3 days will be unlink()ed.
This feature can be disabled at any time (if it has been enabled)
.. code:: cpp
google::DisableLogCleaner();
Notes for Windows Users
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
glog defines a severity level ``ERROR``, which is also defined in
``windows.h`` . You can make glog not define ``INFO``, ``WARNING``,
``ERROR``, and ``FATAL`` by defining ``GLOG_NO_ABBREVIATED_SEVERITIES``
before including ``glog/logging.h`` . Even with this macro, you can
still use the iostream like logging facilities:
.. code:: cpp
#define GLOG_NO_ABBREVIATED_SEVERITIES
#include <windows.h>
#include <glog/logging.h>
// ...
LOG(ERROR) << "This should work";
LOG_IF(ERROR, x > y) << "This should be also OK";
However, you cannot use ``INFO``, ``WARNING``, ``ERROR``, and ``FATAL``
anymore for functions defined in ``glog/logging.h`` .
.. code:: cpp
#define GLOG_NO_ABBREVIATED_SEVERITIES
#include <windows.h>
#include <glog/logging.h>
// ...
// This won’t work.
// google::FlushLogFiles(google::ERROR);
// Use this instead.
google::FlushLogFiles(google::GLOG_ERROR);
If you don’t need ``ERROR`` defined by ``windows.h``, there are a couple
of more workarounds which sometimes don’t work:
- :cpp:`#define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN` or :cpp:`NOGDI` **before**
:cpp:`#include <windows.h>`.
- :cpp:`#undef ERROR` **after** :cpp:`#include <windows.h>`.
See `this
issue <http://code.google.com/p/google-glog/issues/detail?id=33>`__ for
more detail.
Installation Notes for 64-bit Linux Systems
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The glibc built-in stack-unwinder on 64-bit systems has some problems with glog.
(In particular, if you are using :cpp:`InstallFailureSignalHandler()`, the
signal may be raised in the middle of malloc, holding some malloc-related locks
when they invoke the stack unwinder. The built-in stack unwinder may call malloc
recursively, which may require the thread to acquire a lock it already holds:
deadlock.)
For that reason, if you use a 64-bit system and you need
:cpp:`InstallFailureSignalHandler()`, we strongly recommend you install
``libunwind`` before trying to configure or install google glog.
libunwind can be found
`here <http://download.savannah.nongnu.org/releases/libunwind/libunwind-snap-070410.tar.gz>`__.
Even if you already have ``libunwind`` installed, you will probably
still need to install from the snapshot to get the latest version.
Caution: if you install libunwind from the URL above, be aware that you
may have trouble if you try to statically link your binary with glog:
that is, if you link with ``gcc -static -lgcc_eh ...``. This is because
both ``libunwind`` and ``libgcc`` implement the same C++ exception
handling APIs, but they implement them differently on some platforms.
This is not likely to be a problem on ia64, but may be on x86-64.
Also, if you link binaries statically, make sure that you add
:cmd:`-Wl,--eh-frame-hdr` to your linker options. This is required so that
``libunwind`` can find the information generated by the compiler required for
stack unwinding.
Using :cmd:`-static` is rare, though, so unless you know this will affect you it
probably won’t.
If you cannot or do not wish to install libunwind, you can still try to
use two kinds of stack-unwinder:
glibc built-in stack-unwinder
As we already mentioned, glibc’s unwinder has a deadlock issue. However, if
you don’t use :cpp:`InstallFailureSignalHandler()` or you don’t worry about
the rare possibilities of deadlocks, you can use this stack-unwinder. If you
specify no options and ``libunwind`` isn’t detected on your system, the
configure script chooses this unwinder by default.
frame pointer based stack-unwinder
The frame pointer based stack unwinder requires that your application, the
glog library, and system libraries like libc, all be compiled with a frame
pointer. This is *not* the default for x86-64.
How to Contribute
-----------------
We’d love to accept your patches and contributions to this project.
There are a just a few small guidelines you need to follow.
Contributor License Agreement (CLA)
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Contributions to any Google project must be accompanied by a Contributor
License Agreement. This is not a copyright **assignment**, it simply
gives Google permission to use and redistribute your contributions as
part of the project.
* If you are an individual writing original source code and you’re sure
you own the intellectual property, then you’ll need to sign an
`individual
CLA <https://developers.google.com/open-source/cla/individual>`__.
* If you work for a company that wants to allow you to contribute your
work, then you’ll need to sign a `corporate
CLA <https://developers.google.com/open-source/cla/corporate>`__.
You generally only need to submit a CLA once, so if you’ve already
submitted one (even if it was for a different project), you probably
don’t need to do it again.
Once your CLA is submitted (or if you already submitted one for another
Google project), make a commit adding yourself to the
`AUTHORS <./AUTHORS>`__ and `CONTRIBUTORS <./CONTRIBUTORS>`__ files. This
commit can be part of your first `pull
request <https://help.github.com/articles/creating-a-pull-request>`__.
Submitting a Patch
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
1. It’s generally best to start by opening a new issue describing the
bug or feature you’re intending to fix. Even if you think it’s
relatively minor, it’s helpful to know what people are working on.
Mention in the initial issue that you are planning to work on that
bug or feature so that it can be assigned to you.
2. Follow the normal process of
`forking <https://help.github.com/articles/fork-a-repo>`__ the
project, and setup a new branch to work in. It’s important that each
group of changes be done in separate branches in order to ensure that
a pull request only includes the commits related to that bug or
feature.
3. Do your best to have `well-formed commit
messages <http://tbaggery.com/2008/04/19/a-note-about-git-commit-messages.html>`__
for each change. This provides consistency throughout the project,
and ensures that commit messages are able to be formatted properly by
various git tools.
4. Finally, push the commits to your fork and submit a `pull
request <https://help.github.com/articles/creating-a-pull-request>`__.
.. |Linux Github actions| image:: https://github.com/google/glog/actions/workflows/linux.yml/badge.svg .. |Linux Github actions| image:: https://github.com/google/glog/actions/workflows/linux.yml/badge.svg

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# Building from Source
## Bazel
To use glog within a project which uses the [Bazel](https://bazel.build/) build
tool, add the following lines to your `WORKSPACE` file:
``` bazel title="WORKSPACE"
load("@bazel_tools//tools/build_defs/repo:http.bzl", "http_archive")
http_archive(
name = "com_github_gflags_gflags",
sha256 = "34af2f15cf7367513b352bdcd2493ab14ce43692d2dcd9dfc499492966c64dcf",
strip_prefix = "gflags-2.2.2",
urls = ["https://github.com/gflags/gflags/archive/v2.2.2.tar.gz"],
)
http_archive(
name = "com_github_google_glog",
sha256 = "122fb6b712808ef43fbf80f75c52a21c9760683dae470154f02bddfc61135022",
strip_prefix = "glog-0.6.0",
urls = ["https://github.com/google/glog/archive/v0.6.0.zip"],
)
```
You can then add `@com_github_google_glog//:glog` to
the deps section of a `cc_binary` or
`cc_library` rule, and `#!cpp #include <glog/logging.h>` to
include it in your source code.
!!! example "Using glog in a Bazel project"
``` bazel
cc_binary(
name = "main",
srcs = ["main.cc"],
deps = ["@com_github_google_glog//:glog"],
)
```
## CMake
glog can be compiled using [CMake](http://www.cmake.org) on a wide range of
platforms. The typical workflow for building glog on a Unix-like system with GNU
Make as build tool is as follows:
1. Clone the repository and change into source directory.
``` bash
git clone https://github.com/google/glog.git
cd glog
```
2. Run CMake to configure the build tree.
``` bash
cmake -S . -B build -G "Unix Makefiles"
```
CMake provides different generators, and by default will pick the most
relevant one to your environment. If you need a specific version of Visual
Studio, use `#!bash cmake . -G <generator-name>`, and see `#!bash cmake
--help` for the available generators. Also see `-T <toolset-name>`, which can
be used to request the native x64 toolchain with `-T host=x64`.
3. Afterwards, generated files can be used to compile the project.
``` bash
cmake --build build
```
4. Test the build software (optional).
``` bash
cmake --build build --target test
```
5. Install the built files (optional).
``` bash
cmake --build build --target install
```
Once successfully built, glog can be [integrated into own projects](usage.md).

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# How to Contribute
We'd love to accept your patches and contributions to this project.
There are a just a few small guidelines you need to follow.
## Contributor License Agreement (CLA)
Contributions to any Google project must be accompanied by a Contributor
License Agreement. This is not a copyright **assignment**, it simply
gives Google permission to use and redistribute your contributions as
part of the project.
- If you are an individual writing original source code and you're
sure you own the intellectual property, then you'll need to sign an
[individual
CLA](https://developers.google.com/open-source/cla/individual).
- If you work for a company that wants to allow you to contribute your
work, then you'll need to sign a [corporate
CLA](https://developers.google.com/open-source/cla/corporate).
You generally only need to submit a CLA once, so if you've already
submitted one (even if it was for a different project), you probably
don't need to do it again.
Once your CLA is submitted (or if you already submitted one for another Google
project), make a commit adding yourself to the
[AUTHORS](https://github.com/google/glog/blob/0.7.x/AUTHORS) and
[CONTRIBUTORS](https://github.com/google/glog/blob/0.7.x/CONTRIBUTORS) files.
This commit can be part of your first [pull
request](https://help.github.com/articles/creating-a-pull-request).
## Submitting a Patch
1. It's generally best to start by opening a new issue describing the
bug or feature you're intending to fix. Even if you think it's
relatively minor, it's helpful to know what people are working on.
Mention in the initial issue that you are planning to work on that
bug or feature so that it can be assigned to you.
2. Follow the normal process of
[forking](https://help.github.com/articles/fork-a-repo) the project,
and setup a new branch to work in. It's important that each group of
changes be done in separate branches in order to ensure that a pull
request only includes the commits related to that bug or feature.
3. Do your best to have [well-formed commit
messages](http://tbaggery.com/2008/04/19/a-note-about-git-commit-messages.html)
for each change. This provides consistency throughout the project,
and ensures that commit messages are able to be formatted properly
by various git tools.
4. Finally, push the commits to your fork and submit a [pull
request](https://help.github.com/articles/creating-a-pull-request).

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# Failure Signal Handler
## Stacktrace as Default Failure Handler
The library provides a convenient signal handler that will dump useful
information when the program crashes on certain signals such as `SIGSEGV`. The
signal handler can be installed by `#!cpp
google::InstallFailureSignalHandler()`. The following is an example of output
from the signal handler.
*** Aborted at 1225095260 (unix time) try "date -d @1225095260" if you are using GNU date ***
*** SIGSEGV (@0x0) received by PID 17711 (TID 0x7f893090a6f0) from PID 0; stack trace: ***
PC: @ 0x412eb1 TestWaitingLogSink::send()
@ 0x7f892fb417d0 (unknown)
@ 0x412eb1 TestWaitingLogSink::send()
@ 0x7f89304f7f06 google::LogMessage::SendToLog()
@ 0x7f89304f35af google::LogMessage::Flush()
@ 0x7f89304f3739 google::LogMessage::~LogMessage()
@ 0x408cf4 TestLogSinkWaitTillSent()
@ 0x4115de main
@ 0x7f892f7ef1c4 (unknown)
@ 0x4046f9 (unknown)
By default, the signal handler writes the failure dump to the standard
error. You can customize the destination by
`#!cpp InstallFailureWriter()`.
## User-defined Failure Function
`FATAL` severity level messages or unsatisfied `CHECK` condition
terminate your program. You can change the behavior of the termination
by `InstallFailureFunction`.
``` cpp
void YourFailureFunction() {
// Reports something...
exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
}
int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
google::InstallFailureFunction(&YourFailureFunction);
}
```
By default, glog tries to dump the stacktrace and calls `#!cpp std::abort`. The
stacktrace is generated only when running the application on a system supported
by glog. Currently, glog supports x86, x86_64, PowerPC architectures,
`libunwind`, and the Debug Help Library (`dbghelp`) on Windows for extracting
the stack trace.

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# Google Logging Library
Google Logging (glog) is a C++14 library that implements application-level
logging. The library provides logging APIs based on C++-style streams and
various helper macros.
# How to Use
You can log a message by simply streaming things to `LOG`(<a particular
[severity level](logging.md#severity-levels)\>), e.g.,
``` cpp title="main.cpp"
#include <glog/logging.h>
int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
// Initialize Google’s logging library.
google::InitGoogleLogging(argv[0]);
// ...
LOG(INFO) << "Found " << num_cookies << " cookies";
}
```
The library can be installed using various [package managers](packages.md) or
compiled [from source](build.md). For a detailed overview of glog features and
their usage, please refer to the [user guide](logging.md).
!!! warning
The above example requires further [Bazel](build.md#bazel) or
[CMake](usage.md) setup for use in own projects.

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# The 3-Clause BSD License
--8<-- "LICENSE.md"

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# Automatically Remove Old Logs
To enable the log cleaner:
``` cpp
using namespace std::chrono_literals;
google::EnableLogCleaner(24h * 3); // keep your logs for 3 days
```
In C++20 (and later) this can be shortened to:
``` cpp
using namespace std::chrono_literals;
google::EnableLogCleaner(3d); // keep your logs for 3 days
```
And then glog will check if there are overdue logs whenever a flush is
performed. In this example, any log file from your project whose last
modified time is greater than 3 days will be `unlink`()ed.
This feature can be disabled at any time (if it has been enabled) using
``` cpp
google::DisableLogCleaner();
```

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# Strip Logging Messages
Strings used in log messages can increase the size of your binary and
present a privacy concern. You can therefore instruct glog to remove all
strings which fall below a certain severity level by using the
`GOOGLE_STRIP_LOG` macro:
If your application has code like this:
``` cpp
#define GOOGLE_STRIP_LOG 1 // this must go before the #include!
#include <glog/logging.h>
```
The compiler will remove the log messages whose severities are less than
the specified integer value. Since `VLOG` logs at the severity level
`INFO` (numeric value `0`), setting `GOOGLE_STRIP_LOG` to 1 or greater
removes all log messages associated with `VLOG`s as well as `INFO` log
statements.

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# Logging
glog defines a series of macros that simplify many common logging tasks. You can
log messages by [severity level](#severity-levels), [control
logging](#adjusting-output) behavior from the command line, log based on
[conditionals](#conditional-occasional-logging), abort the program when
[expected conditions](#runtime-checks) are not met, introduce your [own logging
levels](#verbose-logging), [customize the prefix](#format-customization)
attached to log messages, and more.
## Severity Levels
You can specify one of the following severity levels (in increasing order of
severity):
1. `INFO`,
2. `WARNING`,
3. `ERROR`, and
4. `FATAL`.
Logging a `FATAL` message terminates the program (after the message is logged).
!!! note
Messages of a given severity are logged not only to corresponding severity
logfile but also to other logfiles of lower severity. For instance, a
message of severity `FATAL` will be logged to logfiles of severity `FATAL`,
`ERROR`, `WARNING`, and `INFO`.
The `DFATAL` severity logs a `FATAL` error in [debug mode](#debugging-support)
(i.e., there is no `NDEBUG` macro defined), but avoids halting the program in
production by automatically reducing the severity to `ERROR`.
## Log Files
Unless otherwise specified, glog uses the format
<tmp>/<program name>.<hostname>.<user name>.log.<severity level>.<date>-<time>.<pid>
for log filenames written to a directory designated as `<tmp>` and
determined according to the following rules.
**Windows**
: glog uses the
[GetTempPathA](https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/fileapi/nf-fileapi-gettemppatha)
API function to retrieve the directory for temporary files with a
fallback to
1. `C:\TMP\`
2. `C:\TEMP\`
(in the order given.)
**non-Windows**
: The directory is determined by referencing the environment variables
1. `TMPDIR`
2. `TMP`
if set with a fallback to `/tmp/`.
The default path to a log file on Linux, for instance, could be
/tmp/hello_world.example.com.hamaji.log.INFO.20080709-222411.10474
By default, glog echos `ERROR` and `FATAL` messages to standard error in
addition to log files.
## Log Line Prefix Format
Log lines have this form:
Lyyyymmdd hh:mm:ss.uuuuuu threadid file:line] msg...
where the fields are defined as follows:
| Placeholder | Meaning |
| ------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------|
| `L` | A single character, representing the log level (e.g., `I` for `INFO`) |
| `yyyy` | The year |
| `mm` | The month (zero padded; i.e., May is `05`) |
| `dd` | The day (zero padded) |
| `hh:mm:ss.uuuuuu` | Time in hours, minutes and fractional seconds |
| `threadid` | The space-padded thread ID |
| `file` | The file name |
| `line` | The line number |
| `msg` | The user-supplied message |
!!! example "Default log line prefix format"
```
I1103 11:57:31.739339 24395 google.cc:2341] Command line: ./some_prog
I1103 11:57:31.739403 24395 google.cc:2342] Process id 24395
```
!!! note
Although microseconds are useful for comparing events on a single machine,
clocks on different machines may not be well synchronized. Hence, use with
caution when comparing the low bits of timestamps from different machines.
### Format Customization
The predefined log line prefix can be replaced using a user-provided callback
that formats the corresponding output.
For each log entry, the callback will be invoked with a reference to a
`google::LogMessage` instance containing the severity, filename, line
number, thread ID, and time of the event. It will also be given a
reference to the output stream, whose contents will be prepended to the actual
message in the final log line.
To enable the use of a prefix formatter, use the
``` cpp
google::InstallPrefixFormatter(&MyPrefixFormatter);
```
function to pass a pointer to the corresponding `MyPrefixFormatter` callback
during initialization. `InstallPrefixFormatter` takes a second optional argument
of type `#!cpp void*` that allows supplying user data to the callback.
!!! example "Custom prefix formatter"
The following function outputs a prefix that matches glog's default format.
The third parameter `data` can be used to access user-supplied data which
unless specified defaults to `#!cpp nullptr`.
``` cpp
void MyPrefixFormatter(std::ostream& s, const google::LogMessage& m, void* /*data*/) {
s << google::GetLogSeverityName(m.severity())[0]
<< setw(4) << 1900 + m.time().year()
<< setw(2) << 1 + m.time().month()
<< setw(2) << m.time().day()
<< ' '
<< setw(2) << m.time().hour() << ':'
<< setw(2) << m.time().min() << ':'
<< setw(2) << m.time().sec() << "."
<< setw(6) << m.time().usec()
<< ' '
<< setfill(' ') << setw(5)
<< m.thread_id() << setfill('0')
<< ' '
<< m.basename() << ':' << m.line() << "]";
}
```
## Adjusting Output
Several flags influence glog's output behavior.
### Using Command-line Parameters and Environment Variables
If the [Google gflags
library](https://github.com/gflags/gflags) is installed on your machine,
the build system will automatically detect and use it, allowing you to
pass flags on the command line.
!!! example "Activate `--logtostderr` in an application from the command line"
A binary `you_application` that uses glog can be started using
``` bash
./your_application --logtostderr=1
```
to log to `stderr` instead of writing the output to a log file.
!!! tip
You can set boolean flags to `true` by specifying `1`, `true`, or `yes`. To
set boolean flags to `false`, specify `0`, `false`, or `no`. In either case
the spelling is case-insensitive.
If the Google gflags library isn't installed, you set flags via
environment variables, prefixing the flag name with `GLOG_`, e.g.,
!!! example "Activate `logtostderr` without gflags"
``` bash
GLOG_logtostderr=1 ./your_application
```
The following flags are most commonly used:
`logtostderr` (`bool`, default=`false`)
: Log messages to `stderr` instead of logfiles.
`stderrthreshold` (`int`, default=2, which is `ERROR`)
: Copy log messages at or above this level to `stderr` in addition to
logfiles. The numbers of severity levels `INFO`, `WARNING`, `ERROR`,
and `FATAL` are 0, 1, 2, and 3, respectively.
`minloglevel` (`int`, default=0, which is `INFO`)
: Log messages at or above this level. Again, the numbers of severity
levels `INFO`, `WARNING`, `ERROR`, and `FATAL` are 0, 1, 2, and 3,
respectively.
`log_dir` (`string`, default="")
: If specified, logfiles are written into this directory instead of
the default logging directory.
`v` (`int`, default=0)
: Show all `#!cpp VLOG(m)` messages for `m` less or equal the value of this
flag. Overridable by `#!bash --vmodule`. Refer to [verbose
logging](#verbose-logging) for more detail.
`vmodule` (`string`, default="")
: Per-module verbose level. The argument has to contain a
comma-separated list of `<module name>=<log level>`. `<module name>`
is a glob pattern (e.g., `gfs*` for all modules whose name starts
with "gfs"), matched against the filename base (that is, name
ignoring .cc/.h./-inl.h). `<log level>` overrides any value given by
`--v`. See also [verbose logging](#verbose-logging) for
more details.
Additional flags are defined in
[flags.cc](https://github.com/google/glog/blob/0.7.x/src/flags.cc). Please see
the source for their complete list.
### Modifying Flags Programmatically
You can also modify flag values in your program by modifying global variables
`FLAGS_*`. Most settings start working immediately after you update `FLAGS_*`.
The exceptions are the flags related to destination files. For instance, you
might want to set `FLAGS_log_dir` before calling `google::InitGoogleLogging`.
!!! example "Setting `log_dir` at runtime"
``` cpp
LOG(INFO) << "file";
// Most flags work immediately after updating values.
FLAGS_logtostderr = 1;
LOG(INFO) << "stderr";
FLAGS_logtostderr = 0;
// This won’t change the log destination. If you want to set this
// value, you should do this before google::InitGoogleLogging .
FLAGS_log_dir = "/some/log/directory";
LOG(INFO) << "the same file";
```
## Conditional / Occasional Logging
Sometimes, you may only want to log a message under certain conditions.
You can use the following macros to perform conditional logging:
``` cpp
LOG_IF(INFO, num_cookies > 10) << "Got lots of cookies";
```
The "Got lots of cookies" message is logged only when the variable
`num_cookies` exceeds 10. If a line of code is executed many times, it may be
useful to only log a message at certain intervals. This kind of logging is most
useful for informational messages.
``` cpp
LOG_EVERY_N(INFO, 10) << "Got the " << google::COUNTER << "th cookie";
```
The above line outputs a log messages on the 1st, 11th, 21st, ... times
it is executed.
!!! note
The placeholder `#!cpp google::COUNTER` identifies the recurring repetition.
You can combine conditional and occasional logging with the following
macro.
``` cpp
LOG_IF_EVERY_N(INFO, (size > 1024), 10) << "Got the " << google::COUNTER
<< "th big cookie";
```
Instead of outputting a message every nth time, you can also limit the
output to the first n occurrences:
``` cpp
LOG_FIRST_N(INFO, 20) << "Got the " << google::COUNTER << "th cookie";
```
Outputs log messages for the first 20 times it is executed. The `#!cpp
google::COUNTER` identifier indicates which repetition is happening.
Other times, it is desired to only log a message periodically based on a
time. For instance, to log a message every 10ms:
``` cpp
LOG_EVERY_T(INFO, 0.01) << "Got a cookie";
```
Or every 2.35s:
``` cpp
LOG_EVERY_T(INFO, 2.35) << "Got a cookie";
```
## Verbose Logging
When you are chasing difficult bugs, thorough log messages are very
useful. However, you may want to ignore too verbose messages in usual
development. For such verbose logging, glog provides the `VLOG` macro, which
allows you to define your own numeric logging levels.
The `#!bash --v` command line option controls which verbose messages are logged:
``` cpp
VLOG(1) << "I’m printed when you run the program with --v=1 or higher";
VLOG(2) << "I’m printed when you run the program with --v=2 or higher";
```
With `VLOG`, the lower the verbose level, the more likely messages are to be
logged. For example, if `#!bash --v==1`, `#!cpp VLOG(1)` will log, but `#!cpp
VLOG(2)` will not log.
!!! warning
The `VLOG` behavior is opposite of the severity level logging, where
`INFO`, `ERROR`, etc. are defined in increasing order and thus
`#!bash --minloglevel` of 1 will only log `WARNING` and above.
Though you can specify any integers for both `VLOG` macro and `--v` flag, the
common values for them are small positive integers. For example, if you write
`#!cpp VLOG(0)`, you should specify `--v=-1` or lower to silence it. This is less
useful since we may not want verbose logs by default in most cases. The `VLOG`
macros always log at the `INFO` log level (when they log at all).
Verbose logging can be controlled from the command line on a per-module basis:
``` bash
--vmodule=mapreduce=2,file=1,gfs*=3 --v=0
```
Specifying these options will specifically:
1. Print `#!cpp VLOG(2)` and lower messages from mapreduce.{h,cc}
2. Print `#!cpp VLOG(1)` and lower messages from file.{h,cc}
3. Print `#!cpp VLOG(3)` and lower messages from files prefixed with "gfs"
4. Print `#!cpp VLOG(0)` and lower messages from elsewhere
The wildcarding functionality 3. supports both `*` (matches 0 or more
characters) and `?` (matches any single character) wildcards. Please also refer
to [command line flags](#adjusting-output) for more information.
There's also `#!cpp VLOG_IS_ON(n)` "verbose level" condition macro. This macro
returns `#!cpp true` when the `--v` is equal to or greater than `n`. The macro can be
used as follows:
``` cpp
if (VLOG_IS_ON(2)) {
// do some logging preparation and logging
// that can’t be accomplished with just VLOG(2) << ...;
}
```
Verbose level condition macros `VLOG_IF`, `VLOG_EVERY_N` and `VLOG_IF_EVERY_N`
behave analogous to `LOG_IF`, `LOG_EVERY_N`, `LOG_IF_EVERY_N`, but accept a
numeric verbosity level as opposed to a severity level.
``` cpp
VLOG_IF(1, (size > 1024))
<< "I’m printed when size is more than 1024 and when you run the "
"program with --v=1 or more";
VLOG_EVERY_N(1, 10)
<< "I’m printed every 10th occurrence, and when you run the program "
"with --v=1 or more. Present occurrence is " << google::COUNTER;
VLOG_IF_EVERY_N(1, (size > 1024), 10)
<< "I’m printed on every 10th occurrence of case when size is more "
" than 1024, when you run the program with --v=1 or more. ";
"Present occurrence is " << google::COUNTER;
```
!!! info "Performance"
The conditional logging macros provided by glog (e.g., `CHECK`, `LOG_IF`,
`VLOG`, etc.) are carefully implemented and don't execute the right hand
side expressions when the conditions are false. So, the following check may
not sacrifice the performance of your application.
``` cpp
CHECK(obj.ok) << obj.CreatePrettyFormattedStringButVerySlow();
```
## Debugging Support
Special debug mode logging macros only have an effect in debug mode and are
compiled away to nothing for non-debug mode compiles. Use these macros to avoid
slowing down your production application due to excessive logging.
``` cpp
DLOG(INFO) << "Found cookies";
DLOG_IF(INFO, num_cookies > 10) << "Got lots of cookies";
DLOG_EVERY_N(INFO, 10) << "Got the " << google::COUNTER << "th cookie";
DLOG_FIRST_N(INFO, 10) << "Got the " << google::COUNTER << "th cookie";
DLOG_EVERY_T(INFO, 0.01) << "Got a cookie";
```
## Runtime Checks
It is a good practice to check expected conditions in your program
frequently to detect errors as early as possible. The `CHECK` macro
provides the ability to abort the application when a condition is not met,
similar to the `assert` macro defined in the standard C library.
`CHECK` aborts the application if a condition is not true. Unlike
`assert`, it is **not** controlled by `NDEBUG`, so the check will be executed
regardless of compilation mode. Therefore, `fp->Write(x)` in the following
example is always executed:
``` cpp
CHECK(fp->Write(x) == 4) << "Write failed!";
```
There are various helper macros for equality/inequality checks
-`CHECK_EQ`, `CHECK_NE`, `CHECK_LE`, `CHECK_LT`, `CHECK_GE`, and
`CHECK_GT`. They compare two values, and log a `FATAL` message including the two
values when the result is not as expected. The values must have
`#!cpp operator<<(ostream, ...)` defined.
You may append to the error message like so:
``` cpp
CHECK_NE(1, 2) << ": The world must be ending!";
```
We are very careful to ensure that each argument is evaluated exactly
once, and that anything which is legal to pass as a function argument is legal
here. In particular, the arguments may be temporary expressions which will end
up being destroyed at the end of the apparent statement, for example:
``` cpp
CHECK_EQ(string("abc")[1], ’b’);
```
The compiler reports an error if one of the arguments is a pointer and the other
is `#!cpp nullptr`. To work around this, simply `#!cpp static_cast` `#!cpp
nullptr` to the type of the desired pointer.
``` cpp
CHECK_EQ(some_ptr, static_cast<SomeType*>(nullptr));
```
Better yet, use the `CHECK_NOTNULL` macro:
``` cpp
CHECK_NOTNULL(some_ptr);
some_ptr->DoSomething();
```
Since this macro returns the given pointer, this is very useful in
constructor initializer lists.
``` cpp
struct S {
S(Something* ptr) : ptr_(CHECK_NOTNULL(ptr)) {}
Something* ptr_;
};
```
!!! warning
Due to the argument forwarding, `CHECK_NOTNULL` cannot be used to
simultaneously stream an additional custom message. To provide a custom
message, one can use the macro `CHECK_EQ` prior to the failing check.
If you are comparing C strings (`#!cpp char *`), a handy set of macros performs
both case sensitive and insensitive comparisons - `CHECK_STREQ`, `CHECK_STRNE`,
`CHECK_STRCASEEQ`, and `CHECK_STRCASENE`. The `CHECK_*CASE*` macro variants are
case-insensitive. You can safely pass `#!cpp nullptr` pointers to this macro.
They treat `#!cpp nullptr` and any non-`#!cpp nullptr` string as not equal. Two
`#!cpp nullptr`s are equal.
!!! note
Both arguments may be temporary objects which are destructed at the
end of the current *full expression*, such as
``` cpp
CHECK_STREQ(Foo().c_str(), Bar().c_str());
```
where `Foo` and `Bar` return `std::string`.
The `CHECK_DOUBLE_EQ` macro checks the equality of two floating point values,
accepting a small error margin. `CHECK_NEAR` accepts a third floating point
argument, which specifies the acceptable error margin.
## Raw Logging
The header file `<glog/raw_logging.h>` can be used for thread-safe logging,
which does not allocate any memory or acquire any locks. Therefore, the macros
defined in this header file can be used by low-level memory allocation and
synchronization code. Please check
[src/glog/raw_logging.h](https://github.com/google/glog/blob/0.7.x/src/glog/raw_logging.h)
for detail.
## Google Style `perror()`
`PLOG()` and `PLOG_IF()` and `PCHECK()` behave exactly like their `LOG*` and
`CHECK` equivalents with the addition that they append a description of the
current state of `errno` to their output lines. E.g.
``` cpp
PCHECK(write(1, nullptr, 2) >= 0) << "Write nullptr failed";
```
This check fails with the following error message.
F0825 185142 test.cc:22] Check failed: write(1, nullptr, 2) >= 0 Write nullptr failed: Bad address [14]
## Syslog
`SYSLOG`, `SYSLOG_IF`, and `SYSLOG_EVERY_N` macros are available. These log to
syslog in addition to the normal logs. Be aware that logging to syslog can
drastically impact performance, especially if syslog is configured for remote
logging! Make sure you understand the implications of outputting to syslog
before you use these macros. In general, it's wise to use these macros
sparingly.

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{% extends "base.html" %}
{% block outdated %}
You're not viewing the latest version.
<a href="{{ '../' ~ base_url }}">
<strong>Click here to go to latest.</strong>
</a>
{% endblock %}

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# Installation using Package Managers
## conan
You can download and install glog using the [conan](https://conan.io)
package manager:
``` bash
pip install conan
conan install -r conancenter glog/<glog-version>@
```
The glog recipe in conan center is kept up to date by conan center index
community contributors. If the version is out of date, please create an
issue or pull request on the
[conan-center-index](https://github.com/conan-io/conan-center-index)
repository.
## vcpkg
You can download and install glog using the
[vcpkg](https://github.com/Microsoft/vcpkg) dependency manager:
``` bash
git clone https://github.com/Microsoft/vcpkg.git
cd vcpkg
./bootstrap-vcpkg.sh
./vcpkg integrate install
./vcpkg install glog
```
The glog port in vcpkg is kept up to date by Microsoft team members and
community contributors. If the version is out of date, please create an
issue or pull request on the vcpkg repository.

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mike>=2.1.1
mkdocs-git-committers-plugin-2>=2.3.0
mkdocs-git-revision-date-localized-plugin>=1.2.6
mkdocs-material-extensions>=1.3.1
mkdocs-material>=9.5.26
mkdocs>=1.6.0

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# Installation Notes for 64-bit Linux Systems
!!! note
The description on this page is possibly not up-to-date.
The [glibc built-in stack-unwinder](#glibc-built-in-stack-unwinder) on 64-bit
systems has some problems with glog. In particular, if you are using
[`InstallFailureSignalHandler()`](failures.md), the signal may be raised in the
middle of `malloc`, holding some `malloc`-related locks when they invoke the
stack unwinder. The built-in stack unwinder may call `malloc` recursively, which
may require the thread to acquire a lock it already holds resulting in a
deadlock.
## Recommended Approach: `libunwind`
For above reason, if you use a 64-bit system and you need
`InstallFailureSignalHandler()`, we strongly recommend you install `libunwind`
before trying to configure or install google glog. libunwind can be found
[here](http://download.savannah.nongnu.org/releases/libunwind/libunwind-snap-070410.tar.gz).
Even if you already have `libunwind` installed, you will probably still need to
install from the snapshot to get the latest version.
!!! warning
If you install libunwind from the URL above, be aware that you may have
trouble if you try to statically link your binary with glog: that is, if you
link with `gcc -static -lgcc_eh ...`. This is because both `libunwind` and
`libgcc` implement the same C++ exception handling APIs, but they implement
them differently on some platforms. This is not likely to be a problem on
ia64, but may be on x86-64.
Also, if you link binaries statically, make sure that you add
`-Wl,--eh-frame-hdr` to your linker options. This is required so that
`libunwind` can find the information generated by the compiler required for
stack unwinding.
Using `-static` is rare, though, so unless you know this will affect you it
probably won't.
## Alternative Stack-unwinder
If you cannot or do not wish to install `libunwind`, you can still try to use
two kinds of stack-unwinder:
### glibc Built-in Stack-unwinder
As we already mentioned, glibc's unwinder has a deadlock issue. However, if you
don't use `InstallFailureSignalHandler()` or you don't worry about the rare
possibilities of deadlocks, you can use this stack-unwinder. If you specify no
options and `libunwind` isn't detected on your system, the configure script
chooses this unwinder by default.
### Frame Pointer based Stack-unwinder
The frame pointer based stack unwinder requires that your application, the glog
library, and system libraries like libc, all be compiled with a frame pointer.
This is *not* the default for x86-64.

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# Using glog in a CMake Project
Assuming that glog was previously [built using CMake](build.md#cmake) or
installed using a package manager, you can use the CMake command `#!cmake
find_package` to build against glog in your CMake project as follows:
``` cmake title="CMakeLists.txt"
cmake_minimum_required (VERSION 3.16)
project (myproj VERSION 1.0)
find_package (glog 0.7.1 REQUIRED)
add_executable (myapp main.cpp)
target_link_libraries (myapp glog::glog)
```
Compile definitions and options will be added automatically to your target as
needed.
Alternatively, glog can be incorporated into using the CMake command `#!cmake
add_subdirectory` to include glog directly from a subdirectory of your project
by replacing the `#!cmake find_package` call from the previous snippet by
`add_subdirectory`. The `#!cmake glog::glog` target is in this case an `#!cmake
ALIAS` library target for the `glog` library target.

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# Notes for Windows Users
glog defines the severity level `ERROR`, which is also defined by `windows.h`.
You can make glog not define `INFO`, `WARNING`, `ERROR`, and `FATAL` by defining
`GLOG_NO_ABBREVIATED_SEVERITIES` before including `glog/logging.h`. Even with
this macro, you can still use the iostream like logging facilities:
``` cpp
#define GLOG_NO_ABBREVIATED_SEVERITIES
#include <windows.h>
#include <glog/logging.h>
// ...
LOG(ERROR) << "This should work";
LOG_IF(ERROR, x > y) << "This should be also OK";
```
However, you cannot use `INFO`, `WARNING`, `ERROR`, and `FATAL` anymore for
functions defined in `glog/logging.h`.
``` cpp
#define GLOG_NO_ABBREVIATED_SEVERITIES
#include <windows.h>
#include <glog/logging.h>
// ...
// This won’t work.
// google::FlushLogFiles(google::ERROR);
// Use this instead.
google::FlushLogFiles(google::GLOG_ERROR);
```
If you don't need `ERROR` defined by `windows.h`, there are a couple of more
workarounds which sometimes don't work:
- `#!cpp #define WIN32_LEAN_AND_MEAN` or `NOGDI` **before**
`#!cpp #include <windows.h>`.
- `#!cpp #undef ERROR` **after** `#!cpp #include <windows.h>`.
See [this issue](http://code.google.com/p/google-glog/issues/detail?id=33) for
more detail.

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---
site_name: Google Logging Library
site_url: https://google.github.io/glog/
repo_url: https://github.com/google/glog
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- pymdownx.inlinehilite
- pymdownx.snippets:
base_path:
- '.'
check_paths: true
- pymdownx.superfences
- tables
- toc:
permalink: true
theme:
name: material
custom_dir: docs/overrides
icon:
repo: fontawesome/brands/git-alt
edit: material/pencil
view: material/eye
language: en
features:
- content.action.edit
- content.code.annotate
- content.code.copy
- content.code.select
- header.autohide
- navigation.expand
- navigation.instant.preview
- navigation.instant.progress
- navigation.prune
- navigation.indexes
- toc.follow
- navigation.top
- navigation.path
# - navigation.sections
# - navigation.tabs
# - navigation.tabs.sticky
- navigation.tracking
- search.highlight
- search.share
- search.suggest
palette:
# Palette toggle for automatic mode
- media: "(prefers-color-scheme)"
toggle:
icon: material/brightness-auto
name: Switch to light mode
# Palette toggle for light mode
- media: "(prefers-color-scheme: light)"
scheme: default
primary: teal
accent: green
toggle:
icon: material/brightness-7
name: Switch to dark mode
# Palette toggle for dark mode
- media: "(prefers-color-scheme: dark)"
scheme: slate
primary: black
toggle:
icon: material/brightness-4
name: Switch to system preference
plugins:
- git-revision-date-localized:
enable_creation_date: true
- git-committers:
repository: google/glog
branch: 0.7.x
- privacy
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extra:
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provider: mike
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nav:
- Getting Started:
- Overview: index.md
- Usage in CMake Projects: usage.md
- Building from Source: build.md
- Installation using Package Managers: packages.md
- User Guide:
- Logging: logging.md
- Failure Handler: failures.md
- Log Removal: log_cleaner.md
- Stripping Log Messages: log_stripping.md
- System-specific Considerations:
- Usage on Windows: windows.md
- Linux Unwinder: unwinder.md
- Contributing: contribute.md
- License: license.md