WIP

.github/workflows/abidiff.yaml

@@ -5,10 +5,6 @@ name: abidiff
 
 on: [push, pull_request]
 
-concurrency:
-  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref || github.run_id }}
-  cancel-in-progress: true
-
 defaults:
   run:
     shell: sh

.github/workflows/cifuzz.yaml

@@ -1,11 +1,5 @@
 name: CIFuzz
-
 on: [pull_request]
-
-concurrency:
-  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref || github.run_id }}
-  cancel-in-progress: true
-
 jobs:
   Fuzzing:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest

.github/workflows/test.yaml

@@ -20,10 +20,6 @@ on:
         type: boolean
         default: true
 
-concurrency:
-  group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref || github.run_id }}
-  cancel-in-progress: true
-
 env:
   GTEST_FILTER: ${{ github.event.inputs.gtest_filter || '*' }}
 
@@ -47,14 +43,21 @@ jobs:
       (github.event_name == 'pull_request'  &&
        github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name != github.event.pull_request.base.repo.full_name) ||
       (github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' && github.event.inputs.test_linux == 'true')
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        select_impl: ['select', 'poll']
     steps:
       - name: checkout
         uses: actions/checkout@v4
       - name: install libraries
         run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y libbrotli-dev libcurl4-openssl-dev
       - name: build and run tests
+        env:
+          SELECT_IMPL: ${{ matrix.select_impl }}
         run: cd test && make
       - name: run fuzz test target
+        env:
+          SELECT_IMPL: ${{ matrix.select_impl }}
         run: cd test && make fuzz_test
 
   macos:
@@ -64,12 +67,19 @@ jobs:
       (github.event_name == 'pull_request'  &&
        github.event.pull_request.head.repo.full_name != github.event.pull_request.base.repo.full_name) ||
       (github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' && github.event.inputs.test_macos == 'true')
+    strategy:
+      matrix:
+        select_impl: ['select', 'poll']
     steps:
       - name: checkout
         uses: actions/checkout@v4
       - name: build and run tests
+        env:
+          SELECT_IMPL: ${{ matrix.select_impl }}
         run: cd test && make
       - name: run fuzz test target
+        env:
+          SELECT_IMPL: ${{ matrix.select_impl }}
         run: cd test && make fuzz_test
 
   windows:
@@ -81,12 +91,7 @@ jobs:
       (github.event_name == 'workflow_dispatch' && github.event.inputs.test_windows == 'true')
     strategy:
       matrix:
-        config:
+        select_impl: ['select', 'poll']
-        - with_ssl: false
-          name: without SSL
-        - with_ssl: true
-          name: with SSL
-    name: windows ${{ matrix.config.name }}
     steps:
     - name: Prepare Git for Checkout on Windows
       run: |
@@ -102,25 +107,41 @@ jobs:
           core.exportVariable('ACTIONS_RUNTIME_TOKEN', process.env.ACTIONS_RUNTIME_TOKEN || '');
     - name: Setup msbuild on windows
       uses: microsoft/setup-msbuild@v2
-    - name: Install vcpkg dependencies
+    - name: Install libraries
-      run: vcpkg install gtest curl zlib brotli
+      run: |
-    - name: Install OpenSSL
+        vcpkg install gtest curl zlib brotli
-      if: ${{ matrix.config.with_ssl }}
+        choco install openssl
-      run: choco install openssl
+
-    - name: Configure CMake ${{ matrix.config.name }}
+    - name: Configure CMake with SSL
       run: >
         cmake -B build -S .
         -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release
         -DCMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=${{ env.VCPKG_ROOT }}/scripts/buildsystems/vcpkg.cmake
         -DHTTPLIB_TEST=ON
+        -DHTTPLIB_REQUIRE_OPENSSL=ON
         -DHTTPLIB_REQUIRE_ZLIB=ON
         -DHTTPLIB_REQUIRE_BROTLI=ON
-        -DHTTPLIB_REQUIRE_OPENSSL=${{ matrix.config.with_ssl && 'ON' || 'OFF' }}
+        -DHTTPLIB_USE_SELECT=${{ matrix.select_impl == 'select' && 'ON' || 'OFF' }}
-    - name: Build ${{ matrix.config.name }}
+    - name: Build with with SSL
-      run: cmake --build build --config Release -- /v:m /clp:ShowCommandLine
+      run: cmake --build build --config Release -- /v:m /clp:ShowCommandLine /nologo
-    - name: Run tests ${{ matrix.config.name }}
+    - name: Run tests with SSL
       run: ctest --output-on-failure --test-dir build -C Release
 
+    - name: Configure CMake without SSL
+      run: >
+        cmake -B build-no-ssl -S .
+        -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=Release
+        -DCMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE=${{ env.VCPKG_ROOT }}/scripts/buildsystems/vcpkg.cmake
+        -DCMAKE_EXPORT_COMPILE_COMMANDS=ON
+        -DHTTPLIB_TEST=ON
+        -DHTTPLIB_REQUIRE_OPENSSL=OFF
+        -DHTTPLIB_REQUIRE_ZLIB=ON
+        -DHTTPLIB_REQUIRE_BROTLI=ON
+        -DHTTPLIB_USE_SELECT=${{ matrix.select_impl == 'select' && 'ON' || 'OFF' }}
+    - name: Build without SSL
+      run: cmake --build build-no-ssl --config Release -- /v:m /clp:ShowCommandLine /nologo
+    - name: Run tests without SSL
+      run: ctest --output-on-failure --test-dir build-no-ssl -C Release
     env:
       VCPKG_ROOT: "C:/vcpkg"
       VCPKG_BINARY_SOURCES: "clear;x-gha,readwrite"

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -8,6 +8,7 @@
 	* HTTPLIB_REQUIRE_ZLIB (default off)
 	* HTTPLIB_REQUIRE_BROTLI (default off)
 	* HTTPLIB_USE_CERTS_FROM_MACOSX_KEYCHAIN (default on)
+	* HTTPLIB_USE_SELECT (default off) choose between select() and poll()
 	* HTTPLIB_COMPILE (default off)
 	* HTTPLIB_INSTALL (default on)
 	* HTTPLIB_TEST (default off)
@@ -46,6 +47,7 @@
 	* HTTPLIB_IS_USING_ZLIB - a bool for if ZLIB support is enabled.
 	* HTTPLIB_IS_USING_BROTLI - a bool for if Brotli support is enabled.
 	* HTTPLIB_IS_USING_CERTS_FROM_MACOSX_KEYCHAIN - a bool for if support of loading system certs from the Apple Keychain is enabled.
+	* HTTPLIB_IS_USING_SELECT - a bool for if select() is used instead of poll().
 	* HTTPLIB_IS_COMPILED - a bool for if the library is compiled, or otherwise header-only.
 	* HTTPLIB_INCLUDE_DIR - the root path to httplib's header (e.g. /usr/include).
 	* HTTPLIB_LIBRARY - the full path to the library if compiled (e.g. /usr/lib/libhttplib.so).
@@ -101,6 +103,7 @@ option(HTTPLIB_TEST "Enables testing and builds tests" OFF)
 option(HTTPLIB_REQUIRE_BROTLI "Requires Brotli to be found & linked, or fails build." OFF)
 option(HTTPLIB_USE_BROTLI_IF_AVAILABLE "Uses Brotli (if available) to enable Brotli decompression support." ON)
 option(HTTPLIB_USE_CERTS_FROM_MACOSX_KEYCHAIN "Enable feature to load system certs from the Apple Keychain." ON)
+option(HTTPLIB_USE_SELECT "Uses select() instead of poll()." OFF)
 # Defaults to static library
 option(BUILD_SHARED_LIBS "Build the library as a shared library instead of static. Has no effect if using header-only." OFF)
 if (BUILD_SHARED_LIBS AND WIN32 AND HTTPLIB_COMPILE)
@@ -112,6 +115,7 @@ endif()
 # Set some variables that are used in-tree and while building based on our options
 set(HTTPLIB_IS_COMPILED ${HTTPLIB_COMPILE})
 set(HTTPLIB_IS_USING_CERTS_FROM_MACOSX_KEYCHAIN ${HTTPLIB_USE_CERTS_FROM_MACOSX_KEYCHAIN})
+set(HTTPLIB_IS_USING_SELECT ${HTTPLIB_USE_SELECT})
 
 # Threads needed for <thread> on some systems, and for <pthread.h> on Linux
 set(THREADS_PREFER_PTHREAD_FLAG TRUE)
@@ -238,6 +242,7 @@ target_compile_definitions(${PROJECT_NAME} ${_INTERFACE_OR_PUBLIC}
 	$<$<BOOL:${HTTPLIB_IS_USING_ZLIB}>:CPPHTTPLIB_ZLIB_SUPPORT>
 	$<$<BOOL:${HTTPLIB_IS_USING_OPENSSL}>:CPPHTTPLIB_OPENSSL_SUPPORT>
 	$<$<AND:$<PLATFORM_ID:Darwin>,$<BOOL:${HTTPLIB_IS_USING_OPENSSL}>,$<BOOL:${HTTPLIB_IS_USING_CERTS_FROM_MACOSX_KEYCHAIN}>>:CPPHTTPLIB_USE_CERTS_FROM_MACOSX_KEYCHAIN>
+	$<$<BOOL:${HTTPLIB_IS_USING_SELECT}>:CPPHTTPLIB_USE_SELECT>
 )
 
 # CMake configuration files installation directory

README.md

@@ -462,7 +462,7 @@ Please see [Server example](https://github.com/yhirose/cpp-httplib/blob/master/e
 
 ### Default thread pool support
 
-`ThreadPool` is used as the **default** task queue, with a default thread count of 8 or `std::thread::hardware_concurrency() - 1`, whichever is greater. You can change it with `CPPHTTPLIB_THREAD_POOL_COUNT`.
+`ThreadPool` is used as a **default** task queue, and the default thread count is 8, or `std::thread::hardware_concurrency()`. You can change it with `CPPHTTPLIB_THREAD_POOL_COUNT`.
 
 If you want to set the thread count at runtime, there is no convenient way... But here is how.
 
@@ -578,7 +578,7 @@ auto res = cli.Get("/hi", headers);
 ```
 or
 ```c++
-auto res = cli.Get("/hi", {{"Hello", "World!"}});
+auto res = cli.Get("/hi", httplib::Headers{{"Hello", "World!"}});
 ```
 or
 ```c++
@@ -675,7 +675,7 @@ auto res = cli.Get("/large-data",
 std::string body;
 
 auto res = cli.Get(
-  "/stream", Headers(),
+  "/stream",
   [&](const Response &response) {
     EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, response.status);
     return true; // return 'false' if you want to cancel the request.
@@ -847,13 +847,13 @@ The default `Accept-Encoding` value contains all possible compression types. So,
 
 ```c++
 res = cli.Get("/resource/foo");
-res = cli.Get("/resource/foo", {{"Accept-Encoding", "gzip, deflate, br"}});
+res = cli.Get("/resource/foo", httplib::Headers{{"Accept-Encoding", "gzip, deflate, br"}});
 ```
 
 If we don't want a response without compression, we have to set `Accept-Encoding` to an empty string. This behavior is similar to curl.
 
 ```c++
-res = cli.Get("/resource/foo", {{"Accept-Encoding", ""}});
+res = cli.Get("/resource/foo", httplib::Headers{{"Accept-Encoding", ""}});
 ```
 
 ### Compress request body on client
@@ -872,6 +872,11 @@ res->body; // Compressed data
 
 ```
 
+Use `select()` instead of `poll()`
+----------------------------------
+
+cpp-httplib defaults to the widely supported `poll()` system call. If your OS lacks support for `poll()`, define `CPPHTTPLIB_USE_SELECT` to use `select()` instead.
+
 Unix Domain Socket Support
 --------------------------
 
@@ -879,7 +884,7 @@ Unix Domain Socket support is available on Linux and macOS.
 
 ```c++
 // Server
-httplib::Server svr;
+httplib::Server svr("./my-socket.sock");
 svr.set_address_family(AF_UNIX).listen("./my-socket.sock", 80);
 
 // Client

docker/main.cc

@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ std::string log(auto &req, auto &res) {
   auto http_referer = "-"; // TODO:
   auto http_user_agent = req.get_header_value("User-Agent", "-");
 
-  // NOTE: From NGINX default access log format
+  // NOTE: From NGINX defualt access log format
   // log_format combined '$remote_addr - $remote_user [$time_local] '
   //                     '"$request" $status $body_bytes_sent '
   //                     '"$http_referer" "$http_user_agent"';

test/Makefile

@@ -1,6 +1,10 @@
 CXX = clang++
 CXXFLAGS = -g -std=c++11 -I. -Wall -Wextra -Wtype-limits -Wconversion -Wshadow # -fno-exceptions -DCPPHTTPLIB_NO_EXCEPTIONS -fsanitize=address
 
+ifeq ($(SELECT_IMPL),select)
+    CXXFLAGS += -DCPPHTTPLIB_USE_SELECT
+endif
+
 PREFIX ?= $(shell brew --prefix)
 
 OPENSSL_DIR = $(PREFIX)/opt/openssl@3

test/fuzzing/server_fuzzer.cc

@@ -25,9 +25,7 @@ public:
 
   bool is_readable() const override { return true; }
 
-  bool wait_readable() const override { return true; }
+  bool is_writable() const override { return true; }
-
-  bool wait_writable() const override { return true; }
 
   void get_remote_ip_and_port(std::string &ip, int &port) const override {
     ip = "127.0.0.1";

test/test.cc

@@ -156,7 +156,7 @@ TEST_F(UnixSocketTest, abstract) {
 }
 #endif
 
-TEST(SocketStream, wait_writable_UNIX) {
+TEST(SocketStream, is_writable_UNIX) {
   int fds[2];
   ASSERT_EQ(0, socketpair(AF_UNIX, SOCK_STREAM, 0, fds));
 
@@ -167,17 +167,17 @@ TEST(SocketStream, wait_writable_UNIX) {
   };
   asSocketStream(fds[0], [&](Stream &s0) {
     EXPECT_EQ(s0.socket(), fds[0]);
-    EXPECT_TRUE(s0.wait_writable());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(s0.is_writable());
 
     EXPECT_EQ(0, close(fds[1]));
-    EXPECT_FALSE(s0.wait_writable());
+    EXPECT_FALSE(s0.is_writable());
 
     return true;
   });
   EXPECT_EQ(0, close(fds[0]));
 }
 
-TEST(SocketStream, wait_writable_INET) {
+TEST(SocketStream, is_writable_INET) {
   sockaddr_in addr;
   memset(&addr, 0, sizeof(addr));
   addr.sin_family = AF_INET;
@@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ TEST(SocketStream, wait_writable_INET) {
   };
   asSocketStream(disconnected_svr_sock, [&](Stream &ss) {
     EXPECT_EQ(ss.socket(), disconnected_svr_sock);
-    EXPECT_FALSE(ss.wait_writable());
+    EXPECT_FALSE(ss.is_writable());
 
     return true;
   });
@@ -524,37 +524,37 @@ TEST(GetHeaderValueTest, RegularInvalidValueInt) {
 
 TEST(GetHeaderValueTest, Range) {
   {
-    Headers headers = {make_range_header({{1, -1}})};
+    auto headers = Headers{make_range_header({{1, -1}})};
     auto val = detail::get_header_value(headers, "Range", 0, 0);
     EXPECT_STREQ("bytes=1-", val);
   }
 
   {
-    Headers headers = {make_range_header({{-1, 1}})};
+    auto headers = Headers{make_range_header({{-1, 1}})};
     auto val = detail::get_header_value(headers, "Range", 0, 0);
     EXPECT_STREQ("bytes=-1", val);
   }
 
   {
-    Headers headers = {make_range_header({{1, 10}})};
+    auto headers = Headers{make_range_header({{1, 10}})};
     auto val = detail::get_header_value(headers, "Range", 0, 0);
     EXPECT_STREQ("bytes=1-10", val);
   }
 
   {
-    Headers headers = {make_range_header({{1, 10}, {100, -1}})};
+    auto headers = Headers{make_range_header({{1, 10}, {100, -1}})};
     auto val = detail::get_header_value(headers, "Range", 0, 0);
     EXPECT_STREQ("bytes=1-10, 100-", val);
   }
 
   {
-    Headers headers = {make_range_header({{1, 10}, {100, 200}})};
+    auto headers = Headers{make_range_header({{1, 10}, {100, 200}})};
     auto val = detail::get_header_value(headers, "Range", 0, 0);
     EXPECT_STREQ("bytes=1-10, 100-200", val);
   }
 
   {
-    Headers headers = {make_range_header({{0, 0}, {-1, 1}})};
+    auto headers = Headers{make_range_header({{0, 0}, {-1, 1}})};
     auto val = detail::get_header_value(headers, "Range", 0, 0);
     EXPECT_STREQ("bytes=0-0, -1", val);
   }
@@ -800,24 +800,47 @@ TEST(ChunkedEncodingTest, WithResponseHandlerAndContentReceiver_Online) {
 #endif
   cli.set_connection_timeout(2);
 
-  std::string body;
+  {
-  auto res = cli.Get(
+    std::string body;
-      "/httpgallery/chunked/chunkedimage.aspx?0.4153841143030137",
+    auto res = cli.Get(
-      [&](const Response &response) {
+        "/httpgallery/chunked/chunkedimage.aspx",
-        EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, response.status);
+        [&](const Response &response) {
-        return true;
+          EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, response.status);
-      },
+          return true;
-      [&](const char *data, size_t data_length) {
+        },
-        body.append(data, data_length);
+        [&](const char *data, size_t data_length) {
-        return true;
+          body.append(data, data_length);
-      });
+          return true;
-  ASSERT_TRUE(res);
+        });
+    ASSERT_TRUE(res);
 
-  std::string out;
+    std::string out;
-  detail::read_file("./image.jpg", out);
+    detail::read_file("./image.jpg", out);
 
-  EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
+    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
-  EXPECT_EQ(out, body);
+    EXPECT_EQ(out, body);
+  }
+
+  {
+    std::string body;
+    auto res = cli.Get(
+        "/httpgallery/chunked/chunkedimage.aspx", Params{},
+        [&](const Response &response) {
+          EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, response.status);
+          return true;
+        },
+        [&](const char *data, size_t data_length) {
+          body.append(data, data_length);
+          return true;
+        });
+    ASSERT_TRUE(res);
+
+    std::string out;
+    detail::read_file("./image.jpg", out);
+
+    EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
+    EXPECT_EQ(out, body);
+  }
 }
 
 TEST(RangeTest, FromHTTPBin_Online) {
@@ -846,7 +869,7 @@ TEST(RangeTest, FromHTTPBin_Online) {
   }
 
   {
-    Headers headers = {make_range_header({{1, -1}})};
+    auto headers = Headers{make_range_header({{1, -1}})};
     auto res = cli.Get(path, headers);
     ASSERT_TRUE(res);
     EXPECT_EQ("bcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdef", res->body);
@@ -854,7 +877,7 @@ TEST(RangeTest, FromHTTPBin_Online) {
   }
 
   {
-    Headers headers = {make_range_header({{1, 10}})};
+    auto headers = Headers{make_range_header({{1, 10}})};
     auto res = cli.Get(path, headers);
     ASSERT_TRUE(res);
     EXPECT_EQ("bcdefghijk", res->body);
@@ -862,7 +885,7 @@ TEST(RangeTest, FromHTTPBin_Online) {
   }
 
   {
-    Headers headers = {make_range_header({{0, 31}})};
+    auto headers = Headers{make_range_header({{0, 31}})};
     auto res = cli.Get(path, headers);
     ASSERT_TRUE(res);
     EXPECT_EQ("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdef", res->body);
@@ -870,7 +893,7 @@ TEST(RangeTest, FromHTTPBin_Online) {
   }
 
   {
-    Headers headers = {make_range_header({{0, -1}})};
+    auto headers = Headers{make_range_header({{0, -1}})};
     auto res = cli.Get(path, headers);
     ASSERT_TRUE(res);
     EXPECT_EQ("abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzabcdef", res->body);
@@ -878,7 +901,7 @@ TEST(RangeTest, FromHTTPBin_Online) {
   }
 
   {
-    Headers headers = {make_range_header({{0, 32}})};
+    auto headers = Headers{make_range_header({{0, 32}})};
     auto res = cli.Get(path, headers);
     ASSERT_TRUE(res);
     EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::RangeNotSatisfiable_416, res->status);
@@ -1064,9 +1087,8 @@ TEST(CancelTest, NoCancelPost) {
   Client cli(HOST, PORT);
   cli.set_connection_timeout(std::chrono::seconds(5));
 
-  auto res =
+  auto res = cli.Post("/", JSON_DATA, "application/json",
-      cli.Post("/", Headers(), JSON_DATA.data(), JSON_DATA.size(),
+                      [](uint64_t, uint64_t) { return true; });
-               "application/json", [](uint64_t, uint64_t) { return true; });
   ASSERT_TRUE(res);
   EXPECT_EQ("Hello World!", res->body);
   EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
@@ -1091,9 +1113,8 @@ TEST(CancelTest, WithCancelSmallPayloadPost) {
   Client cli(HOST, PORT);
   cli.set_connection_timeout(std::chrono::seconds(5));
 
-  auto res =
+  auto res = cli.Post("/", JSON_DATA, "application/json",
-      cli.Post("/", Headers(), JSON_DATA.data(), JSON_DATA.size(),
+                      [](uint64_t, uint64_t) { return false; });
-               "application/json", [](uint64_t, uint64_t) { return false; });
   ASSERT_TRUE(!res);
   EXPECT_EQ(Error::Canceled, res.error());
 }
@@ -1117,9 +1138,8 @@ TEST(CancelTest, WithCancelLargePayloadPost) {
   Client cli(HOST, PORT);
   cli.set_connection_timeout(std::chrono::seconds(5));
 
-  auto res =
+  auto res = cli.Post("/", JSON_DATA, "application/json",
-      cli.Post("/", Headers(), JSON_DATA.data(), JSON_DATA.size(),
+                      [](uint64_t, uint64_t) { return false; });
-               "application/json", [](uint64_t, uint64_t) { return false; });
   ASSERT_TRUE(!res);
   EXPECT_EQ(Error::Canceled, res.error());
 }
@@ -1143,9 +1163,8 @@ TEST(CancelTest, NoCancelPut) {
   Client cli(HOST, PORT);
   cli.set_connection_timeout(std::chrono::seconds(5));
 
-  auto res =
+  auto res = cli.Put("/", JSON_DATA, "application/json",
-      cli.Put("/", Headers(), JSON_DATA.data(), JSON_DATA.size(),
+                     [](uint64_t, uint64_t) { return true; });
-              "application/json", [](uint64_t, uint64_t) { return true; });
   ASSERT_TRUE(res);
   EXPECT_EQ("Hello World!", res->body);
   EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
@@ -1170,9 +1189,8 @@ TEST(CancelTest, WithCancelSmallPayloadPut) {
   Client cli(HOST, PORT);
   cli.set_connection_timeout(std::chrono::seconds(5));
 
-  auto res =
+  auto res = cli.Put("/", JSON_DATA, "application/json",
-      cli.Put("/", Headers(), JSON_DATA.data(), JSON_DATA.size(),
+                     [](uint64_t, uint64_t) { return false; });
-              "application/json", [](uint64_t, uint64_t) { return false; });
   ASSERT_TRUE(!res);
   EXPECT_EQ(Error::Canceled, res.error());
 }
@@ -1196,9 +1214,8 @@ TEST(CancelTest, WithCancelLargePayloadPut) {
   Client cli(HOST, PORT);
   cli.set_connection_timeout(std::chrono::seconds(5));
 
-  auto res =
+  auto res = cli.Put("/", JSON_DATA, "application/json",
-      cli.Put("/", Headers(), JSON_DATA.data(), JSON_DATA.size(),
+                     [](uint64_t, uint64_t) { return false; });
-              "application/json", [](uint64_t, uint64_t) { return false; });
   ASSERT_TRUE(!res);
   EXPECT_EQ(Error::Canceled, res.error());
 }
@@ -1222,9 +1239,8 @@ TEST(CancelTest, NoCancelPatch) {
   Client cli(HOST, PORT);
   cli.set_connection_timeout(std::chrono::seconds(5));
 
-  auto res =
+  auto res = cli.Patch("/", JSON_DATA, "application/json",
-      cli.Patch("/", Headers(), JSON_DATA.data(), JSON_DATA.size(),
+                       [](uint64_t, uint64_t) { return true; });
-                "application/json", [](uint64_t, uint64_t) { return true; });
   ASSERT_TRUE(res);
   EXPECT_EQ("Hello World!", res->body);
   EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
@@ -1249,9 +1265,8 @@ TEST(CancelTest, WithCancelSmallPayloadPatch) {
   Client cli(HOST, PORT);
   cli.set_connection_timeout(std::chrono::seconds(5));
 
-  auto res =
+  auto res = cli.Patch("/", JSON_DATA, "application/json",
-      cli.Patch("/", Headers(), JSON_DATA.data(), JSON_DATA.size(),
+                       [](uint64_t, uint64_t) { return false; });
-                "application/json", [](uint64_t, uint64_t) { return false; });
   ASSERT_TRUE(!res);
   EXPECT_EQ(Error::Canceled, res.error());
 }
@@ -1275,9 +1290,8 @@ TEST(CancelTest, WithCancelLargePayloadPatch) {
   Client cli(HOST, PORT);
   cli.set_connection_timeout(std::chrono::seconds(5));
 
-  auto res =
+  auto res = cli.Patch("/", JSON_DATA, "application/json",
-      cli.Patch("/", Headers(), JSON_DATA.data(), JSON_DATA.size(),
+                       [](uint64_t, uint64_t) { return false; });
-                "application/json", [](uint64_t, uint64_t) { return false; });
   ASSERT_TRUE(!res);
   EXPECT_EQ(Error::Canceled, res.error());
 }
@@ -1301,9 +1315,8 @@ TEST(CancelTest, NoCancelDelete) {
   Client cli(HOST, PORT);
   cli.set_connection_timeout(std::chrono::seconds(5));
 
-  auto res =
+  auto res = cli.Delete("/", JSON_DATA, "application/json",
-      cli.Delete("/", Headers(), JSON_DATA.data(), JSON_DATA.size(),
+                        [](uint64_t, uint64_t) { return true; });
-                 "application/json", [](uint64_t, uint64_t) { return true; });
   ASSERT_TRUE(res);
   EXPECT_EQ("Hello World!", res->body);
   EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
@@ -1328,9 +1341,8 @@ TEST(CancelTest, WithCancelSmallPayloadDelete) {
   Client cli(HOST, PORT);
   cli.set_connection_timeout(std::chrono::seconds(5));
 
-  auto res =
+  auto res = cli.Delete("/", JSON_DATA, "application/json",
-      cli.Delete("/", Headers(), JSON_DATA.data(), JSON_DATA.size(),
+                        [](uint64_t, uint64_t) { return false; });
-                 "application/json", [](uint64_t, uint64_t) { return false; });
   ASSERT_TRUE(!res);
   EXPECT_EQ(Error::Canceled, res.error());
 }
@@ -1354,9 +1366,8 @@ TEST(CancelTest, WithCancelLargePayloadDelete) {
   Client cli(HOST, PORT);
   cli.set_connection_timeout(std::chrono::seconds(5));
 
-  auto res =
+  auto res = cli.Delete("/", JSON_DATA, "application/json",
-      cli.Delete("/", Headers(), JSON_DATA.data(), JSON_DATA.size(),
+                        [](uint64_t, uint64_t) { return false; });
-                 "application/json", [](uint64_t, uint64_t) { return false; });
   ASSERT_TRUE(!res);
   EXPECT_EQ(Error::Canceled, res.error());
 }
@@ -1385,8 +1396,8 @@ TEST(BaseAuthTest, FromHTTPWatch_Online) {
   }
 
   {
-    auto res =
+    auto res = cli.Get(
-        cli.Get(path, {make_basic_authentication_header("hello", "world")});
+        path, Headers{make_basic_authentication_header("hello", "world")});
     ASSERT_TRUE(res);
     EXPECT_EQ("{\n  \"authenticated\": true, \n  \"user\": \"hello\"\n}\n",
               res->body);
@@ -1603,7 +1614,7 @@ TEST(HttpsToHttpRedirectTest2, Redirect_Online) {
   params.emplace("url", "http://www.google.com");
   params.emplace("status_code", "302");
 
-  auto res = cli.Get("/httpbin/redirect-to", params, Headers{});
+  auto res = cli.Get("/httpbin/redirect-to", params);
   ASSERT_TRUE(res);
   EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
 }
@@ -1615,7 +1626,7 @@ TEST(HttpsToHttpRedirectTest3, Redirect_Online) {
   Params params;
   params.emplace("url", "http://www.google.com");
 
-  auto res = cli.Get("/httpbin/redirect-to?status_code=302", params, Headers{});
+  auto res = cli.Get("/httpbin/redirect-to?status_code=302", params);
   ASSERT_TRUE(res);
   EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
 }
@@ -2041,7 +2052,7 @@ TEST(ErrorHandlerTest, ContentLength) {
   {
     Client cli(HOST, PORT);
 
-    auto res = cli.Get("/hi", {{"Accept-Encoding", ""}});
+    auto res = cli.Get("/hi", Headers{{"Accept-Encoding", ""}});
     ASSERT_TRUE(res);
     EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
     EXPECT_EQ("text/html", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
@@ -2124,7 +2135,7 @@ TEST(ExceptionTest, WithExceptionHandler) {
     Client cli(HOST, PORT);
 
     for (size_t j = 0; j < 100; j++) {
-      auto res = cli.Get("/hi", {{"Accept-Encoding", ""}});
+      auto res = cli.Get("/hi", Headers{{"Accept-Encoding", ""}});
       ASSERT_TRUE(res);
       EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::InternalServerError_500, res->status);
       EXPECT_EQ("text/html", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
@@ -2135,7 +2146,7 @@ TEST(ExceptionTest, WithExceptionHandler) {
     cli.set_keep_alive(true);
 
     for (size_t j = 0; j < 100; j++) {
-      auto res = cli.Get("/hi", {{"Accept-Encoding", ""}});
+      auto res = cli.Get("/hi", Headers{{"Accept-Encoding", ""}});
       ASSERT_TRUE(res);
       EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::InternalServerError_500, res->status);
       EXPECT_EQ("text/html", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
@@ -3079,7 +3090,7 @@ TEST_F(ServerTest, GetFileContent) {
 }
 
 TEST_F(ServerTest, GetFileContentWithRange) {
-  auto res = cli_.Get("/file_content", {{make_range_header({{1, 3}})}});
+  auto res = cli_.Get("/file_content", Headers{{make_range_header({{1, 3}})}});
   ASSERT_TRUE(res);
   EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::PartialContent_206, res->status);
   EXPECT_EQ("text/html", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
@@ -3401,7 +3412,7 @@ TEST_F(ServerTest, UserDefinedMIMETypeMapping) {
 }
 
 TEST_F(ServerTest, StaticFileRange) {
-  auto res = cli_.Get("/dir/test.abcde", {{make_range_header({{2, 3}})}});
+  auto res = cli_.Get("/dir/test.abcde", Headers{make_range_header({{2, 3}})});
   ASSERT_TRUE(res);
   EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::PartialContent_206, res->status);
   EXPECT_EQ("text/abcde", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
@@ -3412,8 +3423,8 @@ TEST_F(ServerTest, StaticFileRange) {
 }
 
 TEST_F(ServerTest, StaticFileRanges) {
-  auto res =
+  auto res = cli_.Get("/dir/test.abcde",
-      cli_.Get("/dir/test.abcde", {{make_range_header({{1, 2}, {4, -1}})}});
+                      Headers{make_range_header({{1, 2}, {4, -1}})});
   ASSERT_TRUE(res);
   EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::PartialContent_206, res->status);
   EXPECT_TRUE(
@@ -3425,7 +3436,7 @@ TEST_F(ServerTest, StaticFileRanges) {
 }
 
 TEST_F(ServerTest, StaticFileRangeHead) {
-  auto res = cli_.Head("/dir/test.abcde", {{make_range_header({{2, 3}})}});
+  auto res = cli_.Head("/dir/test.abcde", Headers{make_range_header({{2, 3}})});
   ASSERT_TRUE(res);
   EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::PartialContent_206, res->status);
   EXPECT_EQ("text/abcde", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
@@ -3435,7 +3446,7 @@ TEST_F(ServerTest, StaticFileRangeHead) {
 }
 
 TEST_F(ServerTest, StaticFileRangeBigFile) {
-  auto res = cli_.Get("/dir/1MB.txt", {{make_range_header({{-1, 5}})}});
+  auto res = cli_.Get("/dir/1MB.txt", Headers{make_range_header({{-1, 5}})});
   ASSERT_TRUE(res);
   EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::PartialContent_206, res->status);
   EXPECT_EQ("text/plain", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
@@ -3447,7 +3458,7 @@ TEST_F(ServerTest, StaticFileRangeBigFile) {
 }
 
 TEST_F(ServerTest, StaticFileRangeBigFile2) {
-  auto res = cli_.Get("/dir/1MB.txt", {{make_range_header({{1, 4097}})}});
+  auto res = cli_.Get("/dir/1MB.txt", Headers{make_range_header({{1, 4097}})});
   ASSERT_TRUE(res);
   EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::PartialContent_206, res->status);
   EXPECT_EQ("text/plain", res->get_header_value("Content-Type"));
@@ -3789,7 +3800,7 @@ TEST_F(ServerTest, CaseInsensitiveTransferEncoding) {
 }
 
 TEST_F(ServerTest, GetStreamed2) {
-  auto res = cli_.Get("/streamed", {{make_range_header({{2, 3}})}});
+  auto res = cli_.Get("/streamed", Headers{make_range_header({{2, 3}})});
   ASSERT_TRUE(res);
   EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::PartialContent_206, res->status);
   EXPECT_EQ("2", res->get_header_value("Content-Length"));
@@ -3807,7 +3818,8 @@ TEST_F(ServerTest, GetStreamed) {
 }
 
 TEST_F(ServerTest, GetStreamedWithRange1) {
-  auto res = cli_.Get("/streamed-with-range", {{make_range_header({{3, 5}})}});
+  auto res =
+      cli_.Get("/streamed-with-range", Headers{make_range_header({{3, 5}})});
   ASSERT_TRUE(res);
   EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::PartialContent_206, res->status);
   EXPECT_EQ("3", res->get_header_value("Content-Length"));
@@ -3817,7 +3829,8 @@ TEST_F(ServerTest, GetStreamedWithRange1) {
 }
 
 TEST_F(ServerTest, GetStreamedWithRange2) {
-  auto res = cli_.Get("/streamed-with-range", {{make_range_header({{1, -1}})}});
+  auto res =
+      cli_.Get("/streamed-with-range", Headers{make_range_header({{1, -1}})});
   ASSERT_TRUE(res);
   EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::PartialContent_206, res->status);
   EXPECT_EQ("6", res->get_header_value("Content-Length"));
@@ -3827,7 +3840,7 @@ TEST_F(ServerTest, GetStreamedWithRange2) {
 }
 
 TEST_F(ServerTest, GetStreamedWithRangeSuffix1) {
-  auto res = cli_.Get("/streamed-with-range", {{"Range", "bytes=-3"}});
+  auto res = cli_.Get("/streamed-with-range", Headers{{"Range", "bytes=-3"}});
   ASSERT_TRUE(res);
   EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::PartialContent_206, res->status);
   EXPECT_EQ("3", res->get_header_value("Content-Length"));
@@ -3837,7 +3850,8 @@ TEST_F(ServerTest, GetStreamedWithRangeSuffix1) {
 }
 
 TEST_F(ServerTest, GetStreamedWithRangeSuffix2) {
-  auto res = cli_.Get("/streamed-with-range?error", {{"Range", "bytes=-9999"}});
+  auto res =
+      cli_.Get("/streamed-with-range?error", Headers{{"Range", "bytes=-9999"}});
   ASSERT_TRUE(res);
   EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::RangeNotSatisfiable_416, res->status);
   EXPECT_EQ("0", res->get_header_value("Content-Length"));
@@ -3846,8 +3860,9 @@ TEST_F(ServerTest, GetStreamedWithRangeSuffix2) {
 }
 
 TEST_F(ServerTest, GetStreamedWithRangeError) {
-  auto res = cli_.Get("/streamed-with-range",
+  auto res =
-                      {{"Range", "bytes=92233720368547758079223372036854775806-"
+      cli_.Get("/streamed-with-range",
+               Headers{{"Range", "bytes=92233720368547758079223372036854775806-"
                                  "92233720368547758079223372036854775807"}});
   ASSERT_TRUE(res);
   EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::RangeNotSatisfiable_416, res->status);
@@ -3859,8 +3874,9 @@ TEST_F(ServerTest, GetStreamedWithRangeError) {
 TEST_F(ServerTest, GetRangeWithMaxLongLength) {
   auto res = cli_.Get(
       "/with-range",
-      {{"Range", "bytes=0-" + std::to_string(std::numeric_limits<long>::max())},
+      Headers{{"Range",
-       {"Accept-Encoding", ""}});
+               "bytes=0-" + std::to_string(std::numeric_limits<long>::max())},
+              {"Accept-Encoding", ""}});
   ASSERT_TRUE(res);
   EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::PartialContent_206, res->status);
   EXPECT_EQ("7", res->get_header_value("Content-Length"));
@@ -3870,7 +3886,7 @@ TEST_F(ServerTest, GetRangeWithMaxLongLength) {
 }
 
 TEST_F(ServerTest, GetRangeWithZeroToInfinite) {
-  auto res = cli_.Get("/with-range", {
+  auto res = cli_.Get("/with-range", Headers{
                                          {"Range", "bytes=0-"},
                                          {"Accept-Encoding", ""},
                                      });
@@ -3883,8 +3899,8 @@ TEST_F(ServerTest, GetRangeWithZeroToInfinite) {
 }
 
 TEST_F(ServerTest, GetStreamedWithRangeMultipart) {
-  auto res =
+  auto res = cli_.Get("/streamed-with-range",
-      cli_.Get("/streamed-with-range", {{make_range_header({{1, 2}, {4, 5}})}});
+                      Headers{make_range_header({{1, 2}, {4, 5}})});
   ASSERT_TRUE(res);
   EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::PartialContent_206, res->status);
   EXPECT_EQ("267", res->get_header_value("Content-Length"));
@@ -3898,8 +3914,8 @@ TEST_F(ServerTest, GetStreamedWithTooManyRanges) {
     ranges.emplace_back(0, -1);
   }
 
-  auto res =
+  auto res = cli_.Get("/streamed-with-range?error",
-      cli_.Get("/streamed-with-range?error", {{make_range_header(ranges)}});
+                      Headers{make_range_header(ranges)});
   ASSERT_TRUE(res);
   EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::RangeNotSatisfiable_416, res->status);
   EXPECT_EQ("0", res->get_header_value("Content-Length"));
@@ -3909,7 +3925,7 @@ TEST_F(ServerTest, GetStreamedWithTooManyRanges) {
 
 TEST_F(ServerTest, GetStreamedWithNonAscendingRanges) {
   auto res = cli_.Get("/streamed-with-range?error",
-                      {{make_range_header({{0, -1}, {0, -1}})}});
+                      Headers{make_range_header({{0, -1}, {0, -1}})});
   ASSERT_TRUE(res);
   EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::RangeNotSatisfiable_416, res->status);
   EXPECT_EQ("0", res->get_header_value("Content-Length"));
@@ -3918,8 +3934,9 @@ TEST_F(ServerTest, GetStreamedWithNonAscendingRanges) {
 }
 
 TEST_F(ServerTest, GetStreamedWithRangesMoreThanTwoOverwrapping) {
-  auto res = cli_.Get("/streamed-with-range?error",
+  auto res =
-                      {{make_range_header({{0, 1}, {1, 2}, {2, 3}, {3, 4}})}});
+      cli_.Get("/streamed-with-range?error",
+               Headers{make_range_header({{0, 1}, {1, 2}, {2, 3}, {3, 4}})});
   ASSERT_TRUE(res);
   EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::RangeNotSatisfiable_416, res->status);
   EXPECT_EQ("0", res->get_header_value("Content-Length"));
@@ -3969,7 +3986,7 @@ TEST_F(ServerTest, ClientStop) {
 }
 
 TEST_F(ServerTest, GetWithRange1) {
-  auto res = cli_.Get("/with-range", {
+  auto res = cli_.Get("/with-range", Headers{
                                          make_range_header({{3, 5}}),
                                          {"Accept-Encoding", ""},
                                      });
@@ -3982,7 +3999,7 @@ TEST_F(ServerTest, GetWithRange1) {
 }
 
 TEST_F(ServerTest, GetWithRange2) {
-  auto res = cli_.Get("/with-range", {
+  auto res = cli_.Get("/with-range", Headers{
                                          make_range_header({{1, -1}}),
                                          {"Accept-Encoding", ""},
                                      });
@@ -3995,7 +4012,7 @@ TEST_F(ServerTest, GetWithRange2) {
 }
 
 TEST_F(ServerTest, GetWithRange3) {
-  auto res = cli_.Get("/with-range", {
+  auto res = cli_.Get("/with-range", Headers{
                                          make_range_header({{0, 0}}),
                                          {"Accept-Encoding", ""},
                                      });
@@ -4008,7 +4025,7 @@ TEST_F(ServerTest, GetWithRange3) {
 }
 
 TEST_F(ServerTest, GetWithRange4) {
-  auto res = cli_.Get("/with-range", {
+  auto res = cli_.Get("/with-range", Headers{
                                          make_range_header({{-1, 2}}),
                                          {"Accept-Encoding", ""},
                                      });
@@ -4021,13 +4038,15 @@ TEST_F(ServerTest, GetWithRange4) {
 }
 
 TEST_F(ServerTest, GetWithRangeOffsetGreaterThanContent) {
-  auto res = cli_.Get("/with-range", {{make_range_header({{10000, 20000}})}});
+  auto res =
+      cli_.Get("/with-range", Headers{make_range_header({{10000, 20000}})});
   ASSERT_TRUE(res);
   EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::RangeNotSatisfiable_416, res->status);
 }
 
 TEST_F(ServerTest, GetWithRangeMultipart) {
-  auto res = cli_.Get("/with-range", {{make_range_header({{1, 2}, {4, 5}})}});
+  auto res =
+      cli_.Get("/with-range", Headers{make_range_header({{1, 2}, {4, 5}})});
   ASSERT_TRUE(res);
   EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::PartialContent_206, res->status);
   EXPECT_EQ("267", res->get_header_value("Content-Length"));
@@ -4036,15 +4055,15 @@ TEST_F(ServerTest, GetWithRangeMultipart) {
 }
 
 TEST_F(ServerTest, GetWithRangeMultipartOffsetGreaterThanContent) {
-  auto res =
+  auto res = cli_.Get("/with-range",
-      cli_.Get("/with-range", {{make_range_header({{-1, 2}, {10000, 30000}})}});
+                      Headers{make_range_header({{-1, 2}, {10000, 30000}})});
   ASSERT_TRUE(res);
   EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::RangeNotSatisfiable_416, res->status);
 }
 
 TEST_F(ServerTest, GetWithRangeCustomizedResponse) {
   auto res = cli_.Get("/with-range-customized-response",
-                      {{make_range_header({{1, 2}})}});
+                      Headers{make_range_header({{1, 2}})});
   ASSERT_TRUE(res);
   EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::BadRequest_400, res->status);
   EXPECT_EQ(true, res->has_header("Content-Length"));
@@ -4054,7 +4073,7 @@ TEST_F(ServerTest, GetWithRangeCustomizedResponse) {
 
 TEST_F(ServerTest, GetWithRangeMultipartCustomizedResponseMultipleRange) {
   auto res = cli_.Get("/with-range-customized-response",
-                      {{make_range_header({{1, 2}, {4, 5}})}});
+                      Headers{make_range_header({{1, 2}, {4, 5}})});
   ASSERT_TRUE(res);
   EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::BadRequest_400, res->status);
   EXPECT_EQ(true, res->has_header("Content-Length"));
@@ -4063,7 +4082,7 @@ TEST_F(ServerTest, GetWithRangeMultipartCustomizedResponseMultipleRange) {
 }
 
 TEST_F(ServerTest, Issue1772) {
-  auto res = cli_.Get("/issue1772", {{make_range_header({{1000, -1}})}});
+  auto res = cli_.Get("/issue1772", Headers{make_range_header({{1000, -1}})});
   ASSERT_TRUE(res);
   EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::Unauthorized_401, res->status);
 }
@@ -5766,7 +5785,7 @@ TEST(GetWithParametersTest, GetWithParameters) {
     params.emplace("hello", "world");
     params.emplace("hello2", "world2");
     params.emplace("hello3", "world3");
-    auto res = cli.Get("/", params, Headers{});
+    auto res = cli.Get("/", params);
 
     ASSERT_TRUE(res);
     EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
@@ -5823,11 +5842,10 @@ TEST(GetWithParametersTest, GetWithParameters2) {
   params.emplace("hello", "world");
 
   std::string body;
-  auto res = cli.Get("/", params, Headers{},
+  auto res = cli.Get("/", params, [&](const char *data, size_t data_length) {
-                     [&](const char *data, size_t data_length) {
+    body.append(data, data_length);
-                       body.append(data, data_length);
+    return true;
-                       return true;
+  });
-                     });
 
   ASSERT_TRUE(res);
   EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
@@ -5849,7 +5867,7 @@ TEST(ClientDefaultHeadersTest, DefaultHeaders_Online) {
   Client cli(host);
 #endif
 
-  cli.set_default_headers({make_range_header({{1, 10}})});
+  cli.set_default_headers(Headers{make_range_header({{1, 10}})});
   cli.set_connection_timeout(5);
 
   {
@@ -6669,7 +6687,7 @@ TEST(SendAPI, WithParamsInRequest) {
     ASSERT_TRUE(res);
   }
   {
-    auto res = cli.Get("/", {{"test", "test_value"}}, Headers{});
+    auto res = cli.Get("/", Params{{"test", "test_value"}});
     ASSERT_TRUE(res);
   }
 }
@@ -6798,8 +6816,8 @@ TEST(YahooRedirectTest3, NewResultInterface_Online) {
 #ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_BROTLI_SUPPORT
 TEST(DecodeWithChunkedEncoding, BrotliEncoding_Online) {
   Client cli("https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com");
-  auto res =
+  auto res = cli.Get("/ajax/libs/jquery/3.5.1/jquery.js",
-      cli.Get("/ajax/libs/jquery/3.5.1/jquery.js", {{"Accept-Encoding", "br"}});
+                     Headers{{"Accept-Encoding", "br"}});
 
   ASSERT_TRUE(res);
   EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
@@ -6828,7 +6846,7 @@ TEST(HttpsToHttpRedirectTest2, SimpleInterface_Online) {
   params.emplace("url", "http://www.google.com");
   params.emplace("status_code", "302");
 
-  auto res = cli.Get("/httpbin/redirect-to", params, Headers{});
+  auto res = cli.Get("/httpbin/redirect-to", params);
   ASSERT_TRUE(res);
   EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
 }
@@ -6840,7 +6858,7 @@ TEST(HttpsToHttpRedirectTest3, SimpleInterface_Online) {
   Params params;
   params.emplace("url", "http://www.google.com");
 
-  auto res = cli.Get("/httpbin/redirect-to?status_code=302", params, Headers{});
+  auto res = cli.Get("/httpbin/redirect-to?status_code=302", params);
   ASSERT_TRUE(res);
   EXPECT_EQ(StatusCode::OK_200, res->status);
 }
@@ -7994,7 +8012,7 @@ TEST(DirtyDataRequestTest, HeadFieldValueContains_CR_LF_NUL) {
   svr.wait_until_ready();
 
   Client cli(HOST, PORT);
-  cli.Get("/test", {{"Test", "_\n\r_\n\r_"}});
+  cli.Get("/test", Headers{{"Test", "_\n\r_\n\r_"}});
 }
 
 TEST(InvalidHeaderCharsTest, is_field_name) {
@@ -8207,8 +8225,9 @@ TEST(Expect100ContinueTest, ServerClosesConnection) {
 }
 #endif
 
-template <typename S, typename C>
+TEST(MaxTimeoutTest, ContentStream) {
-inline void max_timeout_test(S &svr, C &cli, time_t timeout, time_t threshold) {
+  Server svr;
+
   svr.Get("/stream", [&](const Request &, Response &res) {
     auto data = new std::string("01234567890123456789");
 
@@ -8278,6 +8297,10 @@ inline void max_timeout_test(S &svr, C &cli, time_t timeout, time_t threshold) {
 
   svr.wait_until_ready();
 
+  const time_t timeout = 2000;
+  const time_t threshold = 200;
+
+  Client cli("localhost", PORT);
   cli.set_max_timeout(std::chrono::milliseconds(timeout));
 
   {
@@ -8329,108 +8352,132 @@ inline void max_timeout_test(S &svr, C &cli, time_t timeout, time_t threshold) {
   }
 }
 
-TEST(MaxTimeoutTest, ContentStream) {
-  time_t timeout = 2000;
-  time_t threshold = 200;
-
-  Server svr;
-  Client cli("localhost", PORT);
-  max_timeout_test(svr, cli, timeout, threshold);
-}
-
 #ifdef CPPHTTPLIB_OPENSSL_SUPPORT
 TEST(MaxTimeoutTest, ContentStreamSSL) {
-  time_t timeout = 2000;
-  time_t threshold = 500; // SSL_shutdown is slow on some operating systems.
-
   SSLServer svr(SERVER_CERT_FILE, SERVER_PRIVATE_KEY_FILE);
 
-  SSLClient cli("localhost", PORT);
+  svr.Get("/stream", [&](const Request &, Response &res) {
-  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(false);
+    auto data = new std::string("01234567890123456789");
 
-  max_timeout_test(svr, cli, timeout, threshold);
+    res.set_content_provider(
-}
+        data->size(), "text/plain",
-#endif
+        [&, data](size_t offset, size_t length, DataSink &sink) {
-
+          const size_t DATA_CHUNK_SIZE = 4;
-class EventDispatcher {
+          const auto &d = *data;
-public:
+          std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));
-  EventDispatcher() {}
+          sink.write(&d[offset], std::min(length, DATA_CHUNK_SIZE));
-
+          return true;
-  void wait_event(DataSink *sink) {
+        },
-    unique_lock<mutex> lk(m_);
+        [data](bool success) {
-    int id = id_;
+          EXPECT_FALSE(success);
-    cv_.wait(lk, [&] { return cid_ == id; });
+          delete data;
-    sink->write(message_.data(), message_.size());
+        });
-  }
-
-  void send_event(const string &message) {
-    lock_guard<mutex> lk(m_);
-    cid_ = id_++;
-    message_ = message;
-    cv_.notify_all();
-  }
-
-private:
-  mutex m_;
-  condition_variable cv_;
-  atomic_int id_{0};
-  atomic_int cid_{-1};
-  string message_;
-};
-
-TEST(ClientInThreadTest, Issue2068) {
-  EventDispatcher ed;
-
-  Server svr;
-  svr.Get("/event1", [&](const Request & /*req*/, Response &res) {
-    res.set_chunked_content_provider("text/event-stream",
-                                     [&](size_t /*offset*/, DataSink &sink) {
-                                       ed.wait_event(&sink);
-                                       return true;
-                                     });
   });
 
-  auto listen_thread = std::thread([&svr]() { svr.listen(HOST, PORT); });
+  svr.Get("/stream_without_length", [&](const Request &, Response &res) {
+    auto i = new size_t(0);
 
-  svr.wait_until_ready();
+    res.set_content_provider(
-
+        "text/plain",
-  thread event_thread([&] {
+        [i](size_t, DataSink &sink) {
-    int id = 0;
+          if (*i < 5) {
-    while (svr.is_running()) {
+            std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));
-      this_thread::sleep_for(chrono::milliseconds(500));
+            sink.write("abcd", 4);
-
+            (*i)++;
-      std::stringstream ss;
+          } else {
-      ss << "data: " << id << "\n\n";
+            sink.done();
-      ed.send_event(ss.str());
+          }
-      id++;
+          return true;
-    }
+        },
+        [i](bool success) {
+          EXPECT_FALSE(success);
+          delete i;
+        });
   });
 
+  svr.Get("/chunked", [&](const Request &, Response &res) {
+    auto i = new size_t(0);
+
+    res.set_chunked_content_provider(
+        "text/plain",
+        [i](size_t, DataSink &sink) {
+          if (*i < 5) {
+            std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(1));
+            sink.os << "abcd";
+            (*i)++;
+          } else {
+            sink.done();
+          }
+          return true;
+        },
+        [i](bool success) {
+          EXPECT_FALSE(success);
+          delete i;
+        });
+  });
+
+  auto listen_thread = std::thread([&svr]() { svr.listen("localhost", PORT); });
   auto se = detail::scope_exit([&] {
     svr.stop();
-
     listen_thread.join();
-    event_thread.join();
-
     ASSERT_FALSE(svr.is_running());
   });
 
+  svr.wait_until_ready();
+
+  const time_t timeout = 2000;
+  const time_t threshold = 1000; // SSL_shutdown is slow...
+
+  SSLClient cli("localhost", PORT);
+  cli.enable_server_certificate_verification(false);
+  cli.set_max_timeout(std::chrono::milliseconds(timeout));
+
   {
-    auto client = detail::make_unique<Client>(HOST, PORT);
+    auto start = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
-    client->set_read_timeout(std::chrono::minutes(10));
 
-    std::atomic<bool> stop{false};
+    auto res = cli.Get("/stream");
 
-    std::thread t([&] {
+    auto elapsed = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(
-      client->Get("/event1",
+                       std::chrono::steady_clock::now() - start)
-                  [&](const char *, size_t) -> bool { return !stop; });
+                       .count();
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(res);
+    EXPECT_EQ(Error::Read, res.error());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(timeout <= elapsed && elapsed < timeout + threshold)
+        << "Timeout exceeded by " << (elapsed - timeout) << "ms";
+  }
+
+  {
+    auto start = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+
+    auto res = cli.Get("/stream_without_length");
+
+    auto elapsed = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(
+                       std::chrono::steady_clock::now() - start)
+                       .count();
+
+    ASSERT_FALSE(res);
+    EXPECT_EQ(Error::Read, res.error());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(timeout <= elapsed && elapsed < timeout + threshold)
+        << "Timeout exceeded by " << (elapsed - timeout) << "ms";
+  }
+
+  {
+    auto start = std::chrono::steady_clock::now();
+
+    auto res = cli.Get("/chunked", [&](const char *data, size_t data_length) {
+      EXPECT_EQ("abcd", string(data, data_length));
+      return true;
     });
 
-    std::this_thread::sleep_for(std::chrono::seconds(2));
+    auto elapsed = std::chrono::duration_cast<std::chrono::milliseconds>(
-    stop = true;
+                       std::chrono::steady_clock::now() - start)
-    client->stop();
+                       .count();
-    client.reset();
 
-    t.join();
+    ASSERT_FALSE(res);
+    EXPECT_EQ(Error::Read, res.error());
+    EXPECT_TRUE(timeout <= elapsed && elapsed < timeout + threshold)
+        << "Timeout exceeded by " << (elapsed - timeout) << "ms";
   }
 }
+#endif